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Damage Assessment of Urban Interface Masonry Buildings after a Severe Wildfire along with a Comparison of NRC-2018

Year 2025, Volume: 9 Issue: 1, 118 - 133, 17.06.2025

Aslan Soyer , Hamid Farrokh Ghatte

https://doi.org/10.38088/jise.1617193

Abstract

The wildland-urban interface (WUI) has emerged as a focal point of wildfire management and community resilience efforts worldwide. The WUI, defined as areas where settlement reaches natural landscapes, presents a unique set of challenges for wildfire mitigation. On the other hand, the performance of the buildings throughout the fire and the provision of proper fire safety measures for structural members is one of the essential aspects of the design of buildings and infrastructures. This study attempts to emphasize the seriousness of the wildfire effects on the WUI in the Mediterranean neighborhood, especially in Turkey. For this purpose, the efficiency of the extreme heat throughout the wildfire on masonry buildings in Manavgat, Turkey (July-August 2021) was investigated in terms of performance and structural damages. Failure mechanisms and the damages that occurred during the wildfire are reported for masonry buildings as the main structural system in this neighborhood. Commonly used technical documents of a national guide for WUI fires presented by the National Research Council Of Canada (NRC- 2018) were employed to compare the condition of the buildings. Turkish standards do not cover wildfire conditions in terms of the WUI buildings. The influences of the materials, the type of cladding, and various types of roofs were investigated in masonry buildings. For this purpose, 121 masonry buildings in Manavgat, Turkey were examined in terms of performance and damage. Furthermore, a comparison of the data with WUI-NRC (2018) is represented to investigate some serviceable recommendations based on the investigation to reduce damages in buildings subjected to wildfire. Finally, an introduction to have detailed written local WUI regulations for masonry buildings to have enough safety in terms of life and economy.

Keywords

Buildings Damage Failure Mechanism Masonry Wildfire.

References

  • [1] Dimitrakopoulos, A., Gogi, C., Stamatelos, G., & Mitsopoulos, I. (2011). Statistical analysis of the fire environment of large forest fires (> 1000 ha) in Greece. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 20(2), 327-332.
  • [2] Xanthopoulos, G. (2003, May). Factors affecting the vulnerability of houses to wildland fire in the Mediterranean region. In Proceedings of the international workshop forest fires in the wildland-urban interface and rural areas in Europe (pp. 15-16).
  • [3] Buchanan, A. H., & Abu, A. K. (2017). Structural design for fire safety. John Wiley & Sons.
  • [4] Farrokh Ghatte, H., Comert, M., Demir, C., Akbaba, M., & Ilki, A. (2019). Seismic retrofit of full-scale substandard extended rectangular RC columns through CFRP jacketing: test results and design recommendations. Journal of Composites for Construction, 23(1), 04018071. 10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000907
  • [5] Ghatte, H. F. (2020). External steel ties and CFRP jacketing effects on seismic performance and failure mechanisms of substandard rectangular RC columns. Composite Structures, 248, 112542. 10.1016/j.compstruct.2020.112542.
  • [6] Papalou, A., & Baros, D. K. (2019). Assessing Structural Damage after a Severe Wildfire: A Case Study. Buildings, 9(7), 171. 10.3390/buildings9070171.
  • [7] Li, K., Li, Y., Zou, Y., Yuan, B., Walsh, A., & Carradine, D. (2022). Improving the Fire Performance of Structural Insulated Panel Core Materials with Intumescent Flame-Retardant Epoxy Resin Adhesive. Fire Technology, 1-23. 10.1007/s10694-021-01203-0.
  • [8] Shahmansouri, A. A., Yazdani, M., Ghanbari, S., Bengar, H. A., Jafari, A., & Ghatte, H. F. (2021). Artificial neural network model to predict the compressive strength of eco-friendly geopolymer concrete incorporating silica fume and natural zeolite. Journal of Cleaner Production, 279, 123697. 10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.123697.
  • [9] Shahmansouri, A. A., Yazdani, M., Hosseini, M., Bengar, H. A., & Ghatte, H. F. (2022). The prediction analysis of compressive strength and electrical resistivity of environmentally friendly concrete incorporating natural zeolite using artificial neural network. Construction and Building Materials, 317, 125876.
  • [10] Lennon, T., Moore, D. B., & Bailey, C. (1999). The behaviour of full-scale steel-framed buildings subjected to compartment fires. The Structural Engineer, 77(8), 15-21.
  • [11] Wald, F., Da Silva, L. S., Moore, D. B., Lennon, T., Chladna, M., Santiago, A., ... & Borges, L. (2006). Experimental behaviour of a steel structure under natural fire. Fire Safety Journal, 41(7),509-522.
  • [12] https://doi.org/10.1016/j.firesaf.2006.05.006.
  • [13] Foster, S., Chladná, M., Hsieh, C., Burgess, I., & Plank, R. (2007). Thermal and structural behaviour of a full-scale composite building subject to a severe compartment fire. Fire Safety Journal, 42(3), 183-199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.firesaf.2006.07.002.
  • [14] Adibi, M., Talebkhah, R., & Ghatte, H. F. (2023). Seismic reliability of precast concrete frame with masonry infill wall. Earthquakes and Structures, 24(2), 141.
  • [15] Ghatte, H. F. (2020, December). Failure mechanisms and cracking performance of T-shaped SCC beam-column connections at top floor: Test results and FE modeling. In Structures (Vol. 28, pp. 1009-1018). Elsevier.
  • [16] Bayraktar, A., Altunışık, A. C., & Muvafık, M. (2016). Field investigation of the performance of masonry buildings during the October 23 and November 9, 2011, Van Earthquakes in Turkey. Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities, 30(2), 04014209. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CF.1943-5509.0000383.
  • [17] Vahabi, H., Naser, M. Z., & Saeb, M. R. (2022). Fire Protection and Materials Flammability Control by Artificial Intelligence. Fire Technology, 1-3. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10694-021-01200-3.
  • [18] Lovreglio, R., Thompson, P., & Feng, Z. (2022). Automation in Fire Safety Engineering Using BIM and Generative Design. Fire Technology, 58(1), 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10694-021-01153-7.
  • [19] Hou, W., Zhang, G., & He, S. (2021). Fire Resistance Tests on Prestressed Concrete Box Girder with Intumescent Fire-Retardant Coatings. Fire Technology, 1-25. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10694-021-01145-7.
  • [20] Barnett, A., Cheng, C., Horasan, M., He, Y., & Park, L. (2022). Fire Load Density Distribution in School Buildings and Statistical Modelling. Fire Technology, 58(1), 503-521. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10694-021-01150-w.
  • [21] Kodur, V. K. R., & Shakya, A. M. (2017). Factors governing the shear response of prestressed concrete hollowcore slabs under fire conditions. Fire Safety Journal, 88, 67-88. 10.1016/j.firesaf.2017.01.003.
  • [22] Venanzi, I., Breccolotti, M., D’Alessandro, A., & Materazzi, A. L. (2014). Fire performance assessment of HPLWC hollow core slabs through full-scale furnace testing. Fire Safety Journal, 69, 12-22. 10.1016/j.firesaf.2014.07.004.
  • [23] Gomez-Heras, M., McCabe, S., Smith, B. J., & Fort, R. (2009). Impacts of fire on stone-built heritage: an overview. Journal of Architectural Conservation, 15(2), 47-58. 10.1080/13556207.2009.10785047.
  • [24] Vasanelli, E., Quarta, G., Masieri, M., & Calia, A. (2021). High temperature effects on the properties of a high porosity calcareous stone building material. European Journal of Environmental and Civil Engineering, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1080/19648189.2021.196089.
  • [25] Barnett, A., Cheng, C., Horasan, M., He, Y., & Park, L. (2022). Fire Load Density Distribution in School Buildings and Statistical Modelling. Fire Technology, 58(1), 503-521. 10.1007/s10694-021-01150-w.
  • [26] Bénichou, N., Adelzadeh, M., Singh, J., Gomaa, I., Elsagan, N., Kinateder, M., ... & Sultan, M. National guide for wildland-urban-interface fires: guidance on hazard and exposure assessment, property protection, community resilience and emergency planning to minimize the impact of wildland-urban interface fires. 2021. National Research Council of Canada.
  • [27] Porter, K. A., Scawthorn, C., & Sandink, D. (2021). An Impact Analysis for the National Guide for Wildland-Urban Interface Fires.
  • [28] ASTM, E. 2957-Standard Test Method for Resistance to Wildfire Penetration of Eaves. Soffits and Other Projections.
  • [29] ASTM E2886/E2886M-20, “Standard Test Method for Evaluating the Ability of Exterior Vents to Resist the Entry of Embers and Direct Flame Impingement
  • [30] CAN/ULC-S104-15, “Standard Method for Fire Tests of Door Assemblies.” http://bit.ly/WUI-075.
  • [31] State of California Office of the State Fire Marshal. 2011. SFM Standard 12-7A-2: Exterior Windows. In: California Code of Regulations. Sacramento, CA. http://bit.ly/WUI- 081.
  • [32] T.C. Çevre ve Şehircilik Bakanlığı, Binaların Yangından Korunması Hakkında Yönetmelikte Değişiklik Yapılmasına Dair Yönetmelik, Temmuz 2007.
  • [33] Guglietta, D., Conedera, M., Mazzoleni, S., & Ricotta, C. (2011). Mapping fire ignition risk in a complex anthropogenic landscape. Remote Sensing Letters, 2(3), 213-219. https://doi.org/10.1080/01431161.2010.512927.
  • [34] Gülçin, D., & Deniz, B. (2020). Remote sensing and GIS-based forest fire risk zone mapping: The case of Manisa, Turkey. Turkish Journal of Forestry, 21(1), 15-24. https://doi.org/10.18182/tjf.649747.
  • [35] Ganatsas, P., Oikonomakis, N., & Tsakaldimi, M. (2022). Small-Scale Analysis of Characteristics of the Wildland-Urban Interface Area of Thessaloniki, Northern Greece. Fire, 5(5), 159. https://doi.org/10.3390/fire5050159.
  • [36] Gebze Technical University Report Summer 2021:https://www.gtu.edu.tr/icerik/8/12549/display.aspx.

Year 2025, Volume: 9 Issue: 1, 118 - 133, 17.06.2025

Aslan Soyer , Hamid Farrokh Ghatte

https://doi.org/10.38088/jise.1617193

Abstract

References

  • [1] Dimitrakopoulos, A., Gogi, C., Stamatelos, G., & Mitsopoulos, I. (2011). Statistical analysis of the fire environment of large forest fires (> 1000 ha) in Greece. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 20(2), 327-332.
  • [2] Xanthopoulos, G. (2003, May). Factors affecting the vulnerability of houses to wildland fire in the Mediterranean region. In Proceedings of the international workshop forest fires in the wildland-urban interface and rural areas in Europe (pp. 15-16).
  • [3] Buchanan, A. H., & Abu, A. K. (2017). Structural design for fire safety. John Wiley & Sons.
  • [4] Farrokh Ghatte, H., Comert, M., Demir, C., Akbaba, M., & Ilki, A. (2019). Seismic retrofit of full-scale substandard extended rectangular RC columns through CFRP jacketing: test results and design recommendations. Journal of Composites for Construction, 23(1), 04018071. 10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000907
  • [5] Ghatte, H. F. (2020). External steel ties and CFRP jacketing effects on seismic performance and failure mechanisms of substandard rectangular RC columns. Composite Structures, 248, 112542. 10.1016/j.compstruct.2020.112542.
  • [6] Papalou, A., & Baros, D. K. (2019). Assessing Structural Damage after a Severe Wildfire: A Case Study. Buildings, 9(7), 171. 10.3390/buildings9070171.
  • [7] Li, K., Li, Y., Zou, Y., Yuan, B., Walsh, A., & Carradine, D. (2022). Improving the Fire Performance of Structural Insulated Panel Core Materials with Intumescent Flame-Retardant Epoxy Resin Adhesive. Fire Technology, 1-23. 10.1007/s10694-021-01203-0.
  • [8] Shahmansouri, A. A., Yazdani, M., Ghanbari, S., Bengar, H. A., Jafari, A., & Ghatte, H. F. (2021). Artificial neural network model to predict the compressive strength of eco-friendly geopolymer concrete incorporating silica fume and natural zeolite. Journal of Cleaner Production, 279, 123697. 10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.123697.
  • [9] Shahmansouri, A. A., Yazdani, M., Hosseini, M., Bengar, H. A., & Ghatte, H. F. (2022). The prediction analysis of compressive strength and electrical resistivity of environmentally friendly concrete incorporating natural zeolite using artificial neural network. Construction and Building Materials, 317, 125876.
  • [10] Lennon, T., Moore, D. B., & Bailey, C. (1999). The behaviour of full-scale steel-framed buildings subjected to compartment fires. The Structural Engineer, 77(8), 15-21.
  • [11] Wald, F., Da Silva, L. S., Moore, D. B., Lennon, T., Chladna, M., Santiago, A., ... & Borges, L. (2006). Experimental behaviour of a steel structure under natural fire. Fire Safety Journal, 41(7),509-522.
  • [12] https://doi.org/10.1016/j.firesaf.2006.05.006.
  • [13] Foster, S., Chladná, M., Hsieh, C., Burgess, I., & Plank, R. (2007). Thermal and structural behaviour of a full-scale composite building subject to a severe compartment fire. Fire Safety Journal, 42(3), 183-199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.firesaf.2006.07.002.
  • [14] Adibi, M., Talebkhah, R., & Ghatte, H. F. (2023). Seismic reliability of precast concrete frame with masonry infill wall. Earthquakes and Structures, 24(2), 141.
  • [15] Ghatte, H. F. (2020, December). Failure mechanisms and cracking performance of T-shaped SCC beam-column connections at top floor: Test results and FE modeling. In Structures (Vol. 28, pp. 1009-1018). Elsevier.
  • [16] Bayraktar, A., Altunışık, A. C., & Muvafık, M. (2016). Field investigation of the performance of masonry buildings during the October 23 and November 9, 2011, Van Earthquakes in Turkey. Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities, 30(2), 04014209. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CF.1943-5509.0000383.
  • [17] Vahabi, H., Naser, M. Z., & Saeb, M. R. (2022). Fire Protection and Materials Flammability Control by Artificial Intelligence. Fire Technology, 1-3. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10694-021-01200-3.
  • [18] Lovreglio, R., Thompson, P., & Feng, Z. (2022). Automation in Fire Safety Engineering Using BIM and Generative Design. Fire Technology, 58(1), 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10694-021-01153-7.
  • [19] Hou, W., Zhang, G., & He, S. (2021). Fire Resistance Tests on Prestressed Concrete Box Girder with Intumescent Fire-Retardant Coatings. Fire Technology, 1-25. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10694-021-01145-7.
  • [20] Barnett, A., Cheng, C., Horasan, M., He, Y., & Park, L. (2022). Fire Load Density Distribution in School Buildings and Statistical Modelling. Fire Technology, 58(1), 503-521. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10694-021-01150-w.
  • [21] Kodur, V. K. R., & Shakya, A. M. (2017). Factors governing the shear response of prestressed concrete hollowcore slabs under fire conditions. Fire Safety Journal, 88, 67-88. 10.1016/j.firesaf.2017.01.003.
  • [22] Venanzi, I., Breccolotti, M., D’Alessandro, A., & Materazzi, A. L. (2014). Fire performance assessment of HPLWC hollow core slabs through full-scale furnace testing. Fire Safety Journal, 69, 12-22. 10.1016/j.firesaf.2014.07.004.
  • [23] Gomez-Heras, M., McCabe, S., Smith, B. J., & Fort, R. (2009). Impacts of fire on stone-built heritage: an overview. Journal of Architectural Conservation, 15(2), 47-58. 10.1080/13556207.2009.10785047.
  • [24] Vasanelli, E., Quarta, G., Masieri, M., & Calia, A. (2021). High temperature effects on the properties of a high porosity calcareous stone building material. European Journal of Environmental and Civil Engineering, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1080/19648189.2021.196089.
  • [25] Barnett, A., Cheng, C., Horasan, M., He, Y., & Park, L. (2022). Fire Load Density Distribution in School Buildings and Statistical Modelling. Fire Technology, 58(1), 503-521. 10.1007/s10694-021-01150-w.
  • [26] Bénichou, N., Adelzadeh, M., Singh, J., Gomaa, I., Elsagan, N., Kinateder, M., ... & Sultan, M. National guide for wildland-urban-interface fires: guidance on hazard and exposure assessment, property protection, community resilience and emergency planning to minimize the impact of wildland-urban interface fires. 2021. National Research Council of Canada.
  • [27] Porter, K. A., Scawthorn, C., & Sandink, D. (2021). An Impact Analysis for the National Guide for Wildland-Urban Interface Fires.
  • [28] ASTM, E. 2957-Standard Test Method for Resistance to Wildfire Penetration of Eaves. Soffits and Other Projections.
  • [29] ASTM E2886/E2886M-20, “Standard Test Method for Evaluating the Ability of Exterior Vents to Resist the Entry of Embers and Direct Flame Impingement
  • [30] CAN/ULC-S104-15, “Standard Method for Fire Tests of Door Assemblies.” http://bit.ly/WUI-075.
  • [31] State of California Office of the State Fire Marshal. 2011. SFM Standard 12-7A-2: Exterior Windows. In: California Code of Regulations. Sacramento, CA. http://bit.ly/WUI- 081.
  • [32] T.C. Çevre ve Şehircilik Bakanlığı, Binaların Yangından Korunması Hakkında Yönetmelikte Değişiklik Yapılmasına Dair Yönetmelik, Temmuz 2007.
  • [33] Guglietta, D., Conedera, M., Mazzoleni, S., & Ricotta, C. (2011). Mapping fire ignition risk in a complex anthropogenic landscape. Remote Sensing Letters, 2(3), 213-219. https://doi.org/10.1080/01431161.2010.512927.
  • [34] Gülçin, D., & Deniz, B. (2020). Remote sensing and GIS-based forest fire risk zone mapping: The case of Manisa, Turkey. Turkish Journal of Forestry, 21(1), 15-24. https://doi.org/10.18182/tjf.649747.
  • [35] Ganatsas, P., Oikonomakis, N., & Tsakaldimi, M. (2022). Small-Scale Analysis of Characteristics of the Wildland-Urban Interface Area of Thessaloniki, Northern Greece. Fire, 5(5), 159. https://doi.org/10.3390/fire5050159.
  • [36] Gebze Technical University Report Summer 2021:https://www.gtu.edu.tr/icerik/8/12549/display.aspx.
There are 36 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Structural Engineering
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Aslan Soyer 0009-0008-7247-8173

Hamid Farrokh Ghatte 0000-0003-3237-0279

Early Pub Date June 13, 2025
Publication Date June 17, 2025
Submission Date January 14, 2025
Acceptance Date February 18, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 9 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Soyer, A., & Farrokh Ghatte, H. (2025). Damage Assessment of Urban Interface Masonry Buildings after a Severe Wildfire along with a Comparison of NRC-2018. Journal of Innovative Science and Engineering, 9(1), 118-133. https://doi.org/10.38088/jise.1617193
AMA Soyer A, Farrokh Ghatte H. Damage Assessment of Urban Interface Masonry Buildings after a Severe Wildfire along with a Comparison of NRC-2018. JISE. June 2025;9(1):118-133. doi:10.38088/jise.1617193
Chicago Soyer, Aslan, and Hamid Farrokh Ghatte. “Damage Assessment of Urban Interface Masonry Buildings After a Severe Wildfire Along With a Comparison of NRC-2018”. Journal of Innovative Science and Engineering 9, no. 1 (June 2025): 118-33. https://doi.org/10.38088/jise.1617193.
EndNote Soyer A, Farrokh Ghatte H (June 1, 2025) Damage Assessment of Urban Interface Masonry Buildings after a Severe Wildfire along with a Comparison of NRC-2018. Journal of Innovative Science and Engineering 9 1 118–133.
IEEE A. Soyer and H. Farrokh Ghatte, “Damage Assessment of Urban Interface Masonry Buildings after a Severe Wildfire along with a Comparison of NRC-2018”, JISE, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 118–133, 2025, doi: 10.38088/jise.1617193.
ISNAD Soyer, Aslan - Farrokh Ghatte, Hamid. “Damage Assessment of Urban Interface Masonry Buildings After a Severe Wildfire Along With a Comparison of NRC-2018”. Journal of Innovative Science and Engineering 9/1 (June2025), 118-133. https://doi.org/10.38088/jise.1617193.
JAMA Soyer A, Farrokh Ghatte H. Damage Assessment of Urban Interface Masonry Buildings after a Severe Wildfire along with a Comparison of NRC-2018. JISE. 2025;9:118–133.
MLA Soyer, Aslan and Hamid Farrokh Ghatte. “Damage Assessment of Urban Interface Masonry Buildings After a Severe Wildfire Along With a Comparison of NRC-2018”. Journal of Innovative Science and Engineering, vol. 9, no. 1, 2025, pp. 118-33, doi:10.38088/jise.1617193.
Vancouver Soyer A, Farrokh Ghatte H. Damage Assessment of Urban Interface Masonry Buildings after a Severe Wildfire along with a Comparison of NRC-2018. JISE. 2025;9(1):118-33.
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