Research Article
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Influence of Bridge Piers on Velocity under Unsteady Flows

Year 2022, Volume: 6 Issue: 2, 279 - 296, 31.12.2022

Gökçen Bombar

https://doi.org/10.38088/jise.1078914

Abstract

It is reported that every year hundreds of bridges collapse due to the dynamic forces acting on the piers, particularly during floods and the scour around the foundations. Since the determination of the velocity distribution upstream of the pier is directly related to this force, it is important to predict the effect of a presence and diameter of a bridge pier on velocity and turbulence parameters. In this study, the time variation of point velocities in the stream-wise and vertical direction at a point upstream of a bridge pier was obtained under clear-water and unsteady flow conditions. The presence of the bridge pier causes the velocity profile to be steeper. The increase in pier diameter decreased the maximum stream-wise velocity whereas it increased the vertical velocity in the down flow direction particularly near the bed. The turbulence intensity in stream-wise direction increases in the rising limb and decreases in the falling limb, more prominently near the bottom. The maximum percent reductions in the stream-wise velocities at peak flow were calculated as 6% and 11% for the small and big piers, respectively. The reduction in stream-wise velocity at peak flow increases with depth especially for the pier with greater diameter

Keywords

Flood flow Bridge pier Velocity time series

Supporting Institution

yoktur

Project Number

yoktur

Thanks

The author would like to express her gratitude to Prof. Dr. Şebnem ELÇİ for supplying the ultrasonic velocity meter used during the execution of the experiments.

References

  • [1] Landers, M. N., (1992). Bridge Scour Sata Management. Published in Hydraulic Engineering: Saving a Threatened Resource—In Search of Solutions: Proceedings of the Hydraulic Engineering sessions at Water Forum’92. Baltimore, Maryland, August 2–6.
  • [2] Franzini, J. B. and Finnemore, E. J.(1997). Fluid Mechanics with Engineering Applications, (McGraw-Hill), ISBN 0-07-021914 1.
  • [3] Melville, B. W. and Raudkivi, A. J. (1977). Flow characteristics in local scour at bridge piers. J. Hydraul. Res., 15 373–380.
  • [4] Yulistiyanto, B. (1997), Flow around a cylinder installed in a fixed-bed open channel, PhD thesis no 1631, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Switzerland.
  • [5] Breusers, H. N. C., Nicollet, G. and Shen, H. W. (1977). Local scour around cylindrical piers. J. Hydraul. Res., 15: 211–252.
  • [6] Unger, J. and Hager, W. E. (2007). Down-flow and horseshoe vortex characteristics of sediment embedded bridge piers, Experiments in Fluids, 42: 1–19.
  • [7] Ettema, R., Kirkil, G. and Muste, M., (2006). Similitude of large scale turbulence in experiments on local scour at cylinders. J. Hydraul. Eng., 132: 33–40.
  • [8] Kirkil, G., Constantinescu, S. G. and Ettema, R. (2008). Coherent structures in the flow field around a circular cylinder with scour hole. J. Hydraul. Eng., 134: 572–587.
  • [9] Baker, C. J. (1979). Laminar horseshoe vortex. J. Fluid Mech. 95: 347–367.
  • [10] Baker, C. J. (1980). The turbulent horseshoe vortex. Journal of Wind Engineering Industrial Aerodynamics, 6 9–23.
  • [11] Baker, C. J. (1985). The position of points of maximum and minimum shear-stress upstream of cylinders mounted normal to flat plates. Journal of Wind Engineering Industrial Aerodynamics, 18: 263–274.
  • [12] Yulistiyanto, B. (2009). Velocity measurements on flow around a cylinder, Dinamika Teknik Sipil, 9: 111–118.
  • [13] Melville, B. W. (1975). Scour at bridge sites. Report No 117, School of Engineering, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
  • [14] Qadar, A. (1981). The vortex scour mechanism at bridge piers. J. Proc. of Inst. Civ. Engrs, 71: 739–757.
  • [15] Sarker, M. A. (1998). Flow measurement around scoured bridge piers using Acourstic Doppler Velocimeter (ADV). Flow Measurement and Instrumentation, 9: 217–227.
  • [16] Ahmed, F. and Rajaratnam, N. (1998). Flow around bridge piers. J. Hydraul. Eng., 124: 288–300.
  • [17] Istiarto, I. (2001). Flow around a cylinder on a mobile channel bed. Ph.D. Thesis, no. 2368, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland.
  • [18] Dey, S. and Raikar, V. R., (2007). Characteristics of horseshoe vortex in developing scour holes at piers. J. Hydraul. Eng., 133: 399–413.
  • [19] Das, S., Das, R. and Mazumdar, A. (2013). Comparison of characteristics of horseshoe vortex at circular and square piers. Research Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and Technology, 5: 4373–4387.
  • [20] Barbhuiya, A. K. and Dey, S. (2003). Velocity and turbulence at a wing-wall abutment. Sadhana, 28: 35–56.
  • [21] Akib, S., Jahangirzadeh, A., and Basser, H. (2014). Local scour around complex pier groups and combined piles at semi-integral bridge. J. Hydrol. Hydromech., 62: 108–116.
  • [22] Nezu, I., Kadota, A. and Nakagawa, H. (1997). Turbulent structure in unsteady depth varying open-channel flows, J. Hydraul. Eng., 123 752–763.
  • [23] Song, T. (1994). Velocity and turbulence distribution in non-uniform and unsteady openchannel flow. PhD thesis no 1324, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Switzerland.
  • [24] Tu, H. (1991). Velocity distribution in unsteady flow over gravel beds, PhD thesis no 911, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Switzerland.
  • [25] Bares, V., Jirak, J. and Pollert, J. (2008). Spatial and temporal variation of turbulence characterisitcs in combined sewer flow. Flow Measurement and Instrumentation, 19: 145–154.
  • [26] Bombar, G. (2016). The hysteresis and shear velocity in unsteady flows. Journal of Applied Fluid Mechanics, 9(2): 839–853.
  • [27] Khuntia, J. R., Devi, K., Khatua, K. K. (2021). Turbulence characteristics in a rough open channel under unsteady flow conditions, ISH Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 27:sup1, 354-365, https://doi.org/10.1080/09715010.2019.1658549.
  • [28] de Sutter, R., Verhoeven, R. and Krein, A., (2001). Simulation of sediment transport during flood events: Laboratory work and field experiments. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 46: 599–610.
  • [29] Suzka, L. (1987). Sediment transport at steady and unsteady flow: a laboratory study, PhD thesis no 704, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Switzerland.
  • [30] Qu, Z. (2002). Unsteady open-channel flow over a mobile bed. PhD thesis no 2688, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Switzerland.
  • [31] Güney, M. Ş., Bombar, G. and Aksoy, A. Ö., (2013). Experimental study of the coarse surface development effect on the bimodal bed-load transport under unsteady flow conditions. J. Hydraul. Eng., 139: 12–21.
  • [32] Francalanci, S., Paris, E. and Solari, L., (2013). A combined field sampling-modeling approach for computing sediment transport during flash floods in a gravel-bed stream. Water Resour. Res., 49: 6642–6655.
  • [33] Nanson, G. C. (1974). Bed load and suspended load transport in a small, steep, mountain stream, Am. J. Sci., 274 471–4
  • [34] Kuhnle, R. A. (1992). Bedload transport during rising and falling stages on two small streams, Earth Surf. Proc. Land., 17: 191–197.
  • [35] Çokgör, S. and Diplas, P. (2001).Bed load transport in gravel streams during floods. Proceedings of World Water and Environmental Resources Congress, ASCE, 1, 47.
  • [36] Lopez, G., Teixeira, L., Ortega-Sanchez, M. and Simarro, G. (2006). Discussion of ‘Further results to time-dependent local scour at bridge elements’. J. Hydraul. Eng., 132: 995–996.
  • [37] Lai, J. S., Chang, W. Y. and Yen, Y. L. (2009). Maximum local scour depth at bridge piers under unsteady flow. J. Hydraul. Eng., 135: 609–614.
  • [38] Hager, W. H. and Unger, J. (2010). Bridge pier scour under flood waves. J. Hydraul. Eng., 136: 842–847.
  • [39] Bombar, G. (2014). Clear-water bridge scour under triangular-shaped hydrographs with different peak discharges, Proceedings of River Flow 2014 Conferece, Laussanne, Switzerland
  • [40] Erdog, E. (2014). The influence of unsteadiness degree on hydraulic characteristics in open channel flow. Istanbul Technical University Graduate School of Science Engineering and Technology, M.Sc. Thesis, May 2014, 356137.
  • [41] Gargari, M. K., Kırca V. S. Ö., Yagcı, O., (2022). Experimental investigation of gradually-varied unsteady flow passed a circular pile. Coastal Engineering, 168 (2021) 103926, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coastaleng.2021.103926.
  • [42] Erdog, E., Yagcı, O., Kırca, V. S. Ö. (2022). Hysterical effects in flow structure behind a finite array of cylinders under gradually varying unsteady flow conditions. Journal of Ocean Engineering and Marine Energy, https://doi.org/10.1007/s40722-022-00229-y.
  • [43] Saçan, C., Çetin, O.K., Bombar, G., (2013). Investigation of the scour inception around a circular bridge pier. Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Water, Energy, and the Environment, ICWEE,Kusadası, Turkey September 21-24, 2013.
  • [44] Çetin, O. K., Saçan, C., Bombar, G., (2016). Investigation of the relation between bridge pier scour depth and vertical velocity component, Pamukkale Universitesi Muhendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 22(6):427-432, https://doi.org/10.5505/pajes.2015.76768.
  • [45] Oliveto, G. and Hager, W. H. (2002). Temporal evolution of clear-water pier and abutment scour, J. Hydraul. Eng., 128: 811–820.
  • [46] Nezu, I. and Nakagawa, H. (1993). Turbulence in open-channel flows, IAHR Monograph Series, (A.A. 619 Balkema Publishers), Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
  • [47] Onitsuka, K. and Nezu, I. (1999). Effect of unsteadiness on von Karman constant in unsteady open channel flows. D1-Turbulent Channel Flows with Macro Roughness Vegetation, 28 th Congress of IAHR, Graz, Austria, Conf. Proceedings.
  • [48] Nezu, I. and Sanjou, M. (2006). Numerical calculation of turbulence structure in depth varying unsteady open-channel flows. J. Hydraul. Eng., 132: 681–695.
  • [49] Song, T. and Graf, W. H. (1996). Velocity and turbulence distribution in unsteady open-channel flows. J. Hydraul. Eng., 122: 141–154.

Year 2022, Volume: 6 Issue: 2, 279 - 296, 31.12.2022

Gökçen Bombar

https://doi.org/10.38088/jise.1078914

Abstract

Project Number

yoktur

References

  • [1] Landers, M. N., (1992). Bridge Scour Sata Management. Published in Hydraulic Engineering: Saving a Threatened Resource—In Search of Solutions: Proceedings of the Hydraulic Engineering sessions at Water Forum’92. Baltimore, Maryland, August 2–6.
  • [2] Franzini, J. B. and Finnemore, E. J.(1997). Fluid Mechanics with Engineering Applications, (McGraw-Hill), ISBN 0-07-021914 1.
  • [3] Melville, B. W. and Raudkivi, A. J. (1977). Flow characteristics in local scour at bridge piers. J. Hydraul. Res., 15 373–380.
  • [4] Yulistiyanto, B. (1997), Flow around a cylinder installed in a fixed-bed open channel, PhD thesis no 1631, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Switzerland.
  • [5] Breusers, H. N. C., Nicollet, G. and Shen, H. W. (1977). Local scour around cylindrical piers. J. Hydraul. Res., 15: 211–252.
  • [6] Unger, J. and Hager, W. E. (2007). Down-flow and horseshoe vortex characteristics of sediment embedded bridge piers, Experiments in Fluids, 42: 1–19.
  • [7] Ettema, R., Kirkil, G. and Muste, M., (2006). Similitude of large scale turbulence in experiments on local scour at cylinders. J. Hydraul. Eng., 132: 33–40.
  • [8] Kirkil, G., Constantinescu, S. G. and Ettema, R. (2008). Coherent structures in the flow field around a circular cylinder with scour hole. J. Hydraul. Eng., 134: 572–587.
  • [9] Baker, C. J. (1979). Laminar horseshoe vortex. J. Fluid Mech. 95: 347–367.
  • [10] Baker, C. J. (1980). The turbulent horseshoe vortex. Journal of Wind Engineering Industrial Aerodynamics, 6 9–23.
  • [11] Baker, C. J. (1985). The position of points of maximum and minimum shear-stress upstream of cylinders mounted normal to flat plates. Journal of Wind Engineering Industrial Aerodynamics, 18: 263–274.
  • [12] Yulistiyanto, B. (2009). Velocity measurements on flow around a cylinder, Dinamika Teknik Sipil, 9: 111–118.
  • [13] Melville, B. W. (1975). Scour at bridge sites. Report No 117, School of Engineering, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
  • [14] Qadar, A. (1981). The vortex scour mechanism at bridge piers. J. Proc. of Inst. Civ. Engrs, 71: 739–757.
  • [15] Sarker, M. A. (1998). Flow measurement around scoured bridge piers using Acourstic Doppler Velocimeter (ADV). Flow Measurement and Instrumentation, 9: 217–227.
  • [16] Ahmed, F. and Rajaratnam, N. (1998). Flow around bridge piers. J. Hydraul. Eng., 124: 288–300.
  • [17] Istiarto, I. (2001). Flow around a cylinder on a mobile channel bed. Ph.D. Thesis, no. 2368, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland.
  • [18] Dey, S. and Raikar, V. R., (2007). Characteristics of horseshoe vortex in developing scour holes at piers. J. Hydraul. Eng., 133: 399–413.
  • [19] Das, S., Das, R. and Mazumdar, A. (2013). Comparison of characteristics of horseshoe vortex at circular and square piers. Research Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and Technology, 5: 4373–4387.
  • [20] Barbhuiya, A. K. and Dey, S. (2003). Velocity and turbulence at a wing-wall abutment. Sadhana, 28: 35–56.
  • [21] Akib, S., Jahangirzadeh, A., and Basser, H. (2014). Local scour around complex pier groups and combined piles at semi-integral bridge. J. Hydrol. Hydromech., 62: 108–116.
  • [22] Nezu, I., Kadota, A. and Nakagawa, H. (1997). Turbulent structure in unsteady depth varying open-channel flows, J. Hydraul. Eng., 123 752–763.
  • [23] Song, T. (1994). Velocity and turbulence distribution in non-uniform and unsteady openchannel flow. PhD thesis no 1324, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Switzerland.
  • [24] Tu, H. (1991). Velocity distribution in unsteady flow over gravel beds, PhD thesis no 911, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Switzerland.
  • [25] Bares, V., Jirak, J. and Pollert, J. (2008). Spatial and temporal variation of turbulence characterisitcs in combined sewer flow. Flow Measurement and Instrumentation, 19: 145–154.
  • [26] Bombar, G. (2016). The hysteresis and shear velocity in unsteady flows. Journal of Applied Fluid Mechanics, 9(2): 839–853.
  • [27] Khuntia, J. R., Devi, K., Khatua, K. K. (2021). Turbulence characteristics in a rough open channel under unsteady flow conditions, ISH Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 27:sup1, 354-365, https://doi.org/10.1080/09715010.2019.1658549.
  • [28] de Sutter, R., Verhoeven, R. and Krein, A., (2001). Simulation of sediment transport during flood events: Laboratory work and field experiments. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 46: 599–610.
  • [29] Suzka, L. (1987). Sediment transport at steady and unsteady flow: a laboratory study, PhD thesis no 704, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Switzerland.
  • [30] Qu, Z. (2002). Unsteady open-channel flow over a mobile bed. PhD thesis no 2688, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Switzerland.
  • [31] Güney, M. Ş., Bombar, G. and Aksoy, A. Ö., (2013). Experimental study of the coarse surface development effect on the bimodal bed-load transport under unsteady flow conditions. J. Hydraul. Eng., 139: 12–21.
  • [32] Francalanci, S., Paris, E. and Solari, L., (2013). A combined field sampling-modeling approach for computing sediment transport during flash floods in a gravel-bed stream. Water Resour. Res., 49: 6642–6655.
  • [33] Nanson, G. C. (1974). Bed load and suspended load transport in a small, steep, mountain stream, Am. J. Sci., 274 471–4
  • [34] Kuhnle, R. A. (1992). Bedload transport during rising and falling stages on two small streams, Earth Surf. Proc. Land., 17: 191–197.
  • [35] Çokgör, S. and Diplas, P. (2001).Bed load transport in gravel streams during floods. Proceedings of World Water and Environmental Resources Congress, ASCE, 1, 47.
  • [36] Lopez, G., Teixeira, L., Ortega-Sanchez, M. and Simarro, G. (2006). Discussion of ‘Further results to time-dependent local scour at bridge elements’. J. Hydraul. Eng., 132: 995–996.
  • [37] Lai, J. S., Chang, W. Y. and Yen, Y. L. (2009). Maximum local scour depth at bridge piers under unsteady flow. J. Hydraul. Eng., 135: 609–614.
  • [38] Hager, W. H. and Unger, J. (2010). Bridge pier scour under flood waves. J. Hydraul. Eng., 136: 842–847.
  • [39] Bombar, G. (2014). Clear-water bridge scour under triangular-shaped hydrographs with different peak discharges, Proceedings of River Flow 2014 Conferece, Laussanne, Switzerland
  • [40] Erdog, E. (2014). The influence of unsteadiness degree on hydraulic characteristics in open channel flow. Istanbul Technical University Graduate School of Science Engineering and Technology, M.Sc. Thesis, May 2014, 356137.
  • [41] Gargari, M. K., Kırca V. S. Ö., Yagcı, O., (2022). Experimental investigation of gradually-varied unsteady flow passed a circular pile. Coastal Engineering, 168 (2021) 103926, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coastaleng.2021.103926.
  • [42] Erdog, E., Yagcı, O., Kırca, V. S. Ö. (2022). Hysterical effects in flow structure behind a finite array of cylinders under gradually varying unsteady flow conditions. Journal of Ocean Engineering and Marine Energy, https://doi.org/10.1007/s40722-022-00229-y.
  • [43] Saçan, C., Çetin, O.K., Bombar, G., (2013). Investigation of the scour inception around a circular bridge pier. Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Water, Energy, and the Environment, ICWEE,Kusadası, Turkey September 21-24, 2013.
  • [44] Çetin, O. K., Saçan, C., Bombar, G., (2016). Investigation of the relation between bridge pier scour depth and vertical velocity component, Pamukkale Universitesi Muhendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 22(6):427-432, https://doi.org/10.5505/pajes.2015.76768.
  • [45] Oliveto, G. and Hager, W. H. (2002). Temporal evolution of clear-water pier and abutment scour, J. Hydraul. Eng., 128: 811–820.
  • [46] Nezu, I. and Nakagawa, H. (1993). Turbulence in open-channel flows, IAHR Monograph Series, (A.A. 619 Balkema Publishers), Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
  • [47] Onitsuka, K. and Nezu, I. (1999). Effect of unsteadiness on von Karman constant in unsteady open channel flows. D1-Turbulent Channel Flows with Macro Roughness Vegetation, 28 th Congress of IAHR, Graz, Austria, Conf. Proceedings.
  • [48] Nezu, I. and Sanjou, M. (2006). Numerical calculation of turbulence structure in depth varying unsteady open-channel flows. J. Hydraul. Eng., 132: 681–695.
  • [49] Song, T. and Graf, W. H. (1996). Velocity and turbulence distribution in unsteady open-channel flows. J. Hydraul. Eng., 122: 141–154.
There are 49 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Engineering
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Gökçen Bombar 0000-0002-8156-6908

Project Number yoktur
Early Pub Date October 11, 2022
Publication Date December 31, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022Volume: 6 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Bombar, G. (2022). Influence of Bridge Piers on Velocity under Unsteady Flows. Journal of Innovative Science and Engineering, 6(2), 279-296. https://doi.org/10.38088/jise.1078914
AMA Bombar G. Influence of Bridge Piers on Velocity under Unsteady Flows. JISE. December 2022;6(2):279-296. doi:10.38088/jise.1078914
Chicago Bombar, Gökçen. “Influence of Bridge Piers on Velocity under Unsteady Flows”. Journal of Innovative Science and Engineering 6, no. 2 (December 2022): 279-96. https://doi.org/10.38088/jise.1078914.
EndNote Bombar G (December 1, 2022) Influence of Bridge Piers on Velocity under Unsteady Flows. Journal of Innovative Science and Engineering 6 2 279–296.
IEEE G. Bombar, “Influence of Bridge Piers on Velocity under Unsteady Flows”, JISE, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 279–296, 2022, doi: 10.38088/jise.1078914.
ISNAD Bombar, Gökçen. “Influence of Bridge Piers on Velocity under Unsteady Flows”. Journal of Innovative Science and Engineering 6/2 (December 2022), 279-296. https://doi.org/10.38088/jise.1078914.
JAMA Bombar G. Influence of Bridge Piers on Velocity under Unsteady Flows. JISE. 2022;6:279–296.
MLA Bombar, Gökçen. “Influence of Bridge Piers on Velocity under Unsteady Flows”. Journal of Innovative Science and Engineering, vol. 6, no. 2, 2022, pp. 279-96, doi:10.38088/jise.1078914.
Vancouver Bombar G. Influence of Bridge Piers on Velocity under Unsteady Flows. JISE. 2022;6(2):279-96.
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