Research Article
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Interpretation of odor complaint records with BTEX pollutants and meteorological factors: Çorlu case study

Year 2023, Volume: 6 Issue: 2, 118 - 132, 30.06.2023
https://doi.org/10.35208/ert.1235618

Abstract

Air pollution in urban areas increases as a result of emitted air from different sources within the mixing layer of troposphere. Odor pollution is amongst the primary reasons behind environmental nuisance and occurrence of citizen complaints. Frequent exposure to odorous compounds and/or odor nuisance are increasingly associated with air pollution problems. Besides, there is no universally accepted environmental odor management method reported so far. Level of air pollutants emission, distance of emission sources to residential areas, to-pography, geographical and meteorological conditions have influence on imposed level of air pollution and odor pollution in cities.

This study is built on the citizen odor complaint data (based on frequency, intensity, duration, odor tone and location (namely the FIDOL factors) collected in Çorlu/Tekirdağ through the GIS integrated public participated platform, namely the Çorlu KODER mobile application. The annual odor complaint data was briefly introduced and given an evaluation with the mo-bile app users demographic information. The obtained data between August 28-November 2 of 2021, was subjected to interpretative evaluation and statistical analysis with BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylene benzene and xylen) concentrations, inorganic air pollution concentrations and meteorological factors. In light of the obtained results, temperature, wind speed, relative humidity and toluene concentration were found to play a significant role on the number of citizen odor complaints. The EU reported limit value, lower rating threshold and upper rating threshold for BTEX pollutants have been exceeded several times.

The average Toluene/benzene ratios obtained during the study show that; non-traffic sources contribute significantly to VOC emissions. Air pollutants transportation mechanism from neighbouring OIZ settlements become a prominent justification and support the hypothesis that residential areas of Corlu are under the effect of industrial air pollution and odor pollution con-stituents. There is low level of negative correlation between the benzene measured in Çorlu and WS (r=-0.63). Below 2.4 m/s, the average number of odor complaints (ANOC) tend to increase, while above this level odor complaints are diminished). The ANOC remained around 4 for[C] < 4 ug/m3 and reached to 18 for [C]BTEXtotal > 8 ug/m3. Above [C]Toluen=3 ug/m3 conditions, Daily ANOC increase from 7 to 19. Over [C]Toluen= 4 ug/m3 conditions, it reached up to 23. Increses in the number of daily ANOC by temperature is distinct over 21 C0 and reaches to 35.

The GIS integrated citizen complaint collection platforms are critical for real-time data collection of environmental complaints with high spatiotemporal accuracy. Citizen odor complaint surveys are useful monitoring tools and obtained data sets can be used to identify sensitive areas where and when specific actions should be taken and air pollutants measuement studies be performed.

Supporting Institution

Municipality of Corlu

Project Number

project collaboration between Tekirdag Namık Kemal University - Corlu Faculty of Engineering and Municipality of Corlu based on the municipality parliament act no: 2019/127

Thanks

. As the authors of the study, we would like to acknowledge and appreciate the efforts of TNKU Computer Engineering department research assistant Burak SEVİNÇ and students Hasan ÖZER and Muhammed AKYÜZLÜ on the software development. Also, authors would like to thank to Ministry of Environment, Urban Planning and Climate Change, Directorate of Marmara Clean Air Central and directorate of Tekirdag meteorology station for their support and approval on providing air pollutant measurement data and meteorological data.

References

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Year 2023, Volume: 6 Issue: 2, 118 - 132, 30.06.2023
https://doi.org/10.35208/ert.1235618

Abstract

Project Number

project collaboration between Tekirdag Namık Kemal University - Corlu Faculty of Engineering and Municipality of Corlu based on the municipality parliament act no: 2019/127

References

  • G. Varol, B. Tokuç, S. Ozkaya, and Ç. Çağlayan, “Air quality and preventable deaths in Tekirdağ, Turkey,” Air Qual Atmos Health, Vol. 14, pp. 843–853, 2021. [CrossRef]
  • B. Can-Terzi, M. Ficici, L. H. Tecer, and S. C. Sofuoglu, “Fine and coarse particulate matter, trace element content, and associated health risks considering respiratory deposition for Ergene Basin, Thrace,” Science of The Total Environment,” Vol. 754, Article 142026, 2021. [CrossRef]
  • E. Ünver, E. Bolat, S. Altın, A. Çoban, M. Aktaş, M. Fıçıcı, A. Saral, and L. H. Tecer, “The effect of air pollution on respiratory system disease admissions and health expenditures,” Eurasian Journal of Medical Investigation, Vol. 3(2), Article 56609, 2019. [CrossRef]
  • G. Varol Saraçoğlu, and Ç. Çağlayan, “The struggle for clean air in Turkey and in the World,” Toplum ve Hekim, Vol. 32, 219–227, 2017. [Turkish]
  • R. Hu, G. Liu, H. Zhang, H. Xue, X. Wang, P. K. S. Lam, “Odor pollution due to industrial emission of volatile organic compounds: A case study in Hefei, China,” Journal of Cleaner Production, Vol. 246, Article 119075, 2020. [CrossRef]
  • Ütebay, P. Çelik, and A. Çay, “Textile wastes: Status and perspectives, waste in textile and leather sectors,” Intech Open, 2020. [CrossRef]
  • G. Brown, “Engaging the wisdom of crowds and public judgement for land use planning using public participation geographic information systems,” Australian Planner, Vol. 52, pp. 199–209, 2015. [CrossRef]
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  • N. Castell, F. R. Dauge, P. Schneider, M. Vogt, U. Lerner, B. Fishbain, D. Broday, and A. Bartonova, “Can commercial low-cost sensor platforms contribute to air quality monitoring and exposure estimates?,” Environment International, Vol. 99, pp. 293–302, 2017. [CrossRef]
  • S. Munir, M. Mayfield, D. Coca, S. A. Jubb, and O. Osammor, “Analysing the performance of low-cost air quality sensors, their drivers, relative benefits and calibration in cities—a case study in Sheffield,” Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, Vol. 191, Article 94, 2019. [CrossRef]
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  • Department of Enviromental Protection, Goverment of Western Australia, “Odour methodology guideline,” Goverment of Western Australia, 2002.
  • P. Wagner, and K. Schäfer, “Influence of mixing layer height on air pollutant concentrations in an urban street canyon,” Urban Climate, Vol.22, pp. 64–79, 2017. [CrossRef]
  • C. Jia, J. Holt, H. Nicholson, J. E. Browder, X. Fu, X. Yu, and R. Adkins, “Identification of origins and influencing factors of environmental odor episodes using trajectory and proximity analyses,” Journal of Environmental Management, Vol. 295, Article 113084, 2021. [CrossRef]
  • H. Zhang, Y. Wang, J. Hu, Q. Ying, and X. M. Hu, “Relationships between meteorological parameters and criteria air pollutants in three megacities in China,” Environmental Research, Vol. 140, pp. 242254, 2015. [CrossRef]
  • H. K. Elminir, “Dependence of urban air pollutants on meteorology,” Science of the Total Environment, Vol. 350, pp. 225–237, 2005. [CrossRef]
  • G. Tang, J. Zhang, X. Zhu, T. Song, C. Münkel, B. Hu, K. Schäfer, Z. Liu, J. Zhang, L. Wang, J. Xin, P. Suppan, and Y. Wang, “Mixing layer height and its implications for air pollution over Beijing, China,” Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 16, pp. 2459–2475, 2016. [CrossRef]
  • B. Han, Y. Liu, J. Wu, and Y. Feng, “Characterization of industrial odor sources in Binhai New Area of Tianjin, China,” Environmental Science and Pollution Research, Vol. 25, pp. 14006–14017, 2018. [CrossRef]
  • H. Maleki, A. Sorooshian, G. Goudarzi, Z. Baboli, Y. Tahmasebi Birgani, and M. Rahmati, “Air pollution prediction by using an artificial neural network model,” Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy, Vol. 21, pp. 1341–1352, 2019. [CrossRef]
  • U. Pak, J. Ma, U. Ryu, K. Ryom, U. Juhyok, K. Pak, and C. Pak, “Deep learning-based PM2.5 prediction considering the spatiotemporal correlations: A case study of Beijing, China,” Science of the Total Environment, Vol. 699, Article 133561, 2020. [CrossRef]
  • S. R. Shams, A. Jahani, S. Kalantary, M. Moeinaddini, and N. Khorasani, “Artificial intelligence accuracy assessment in NO2 concentration forecasting of metropolises air,” Scientific Reports, Vol. 11, pp. 1–9, 2019. [CrossRef]
  • D. P. Komilis, R. K. Ham, and J. K. Park,” Emission of volatile organic compounds during composting of municipal solid wastes,” Water Research, Vol. 38, pp. 1707–1714, 2018. [CrossRef]
  • R. R. Hoque, P. S. Khillare, T. Agarwal, V. Shridhar, and S. Balachandran, “Spatial and temporal variation of BTEX in the urban atmosphere of Delhi, India,” Science of the Total Environment, Vol. 392, pp. 30–40, 2018. [CrossRef]
  • F. Dinçer, Ö. Ercan, and Ö. Ceylan. “Çerkezköy organize sanayi bölgesinde pasif örnekleme metodu ile BTEX (Benzen, Toluen, Etil benzen ve Ksilen) seviyelerinin belirlenmesi ve değerlendirilmesi,” VII. Ulusal Hava Kirliliği ve Kontrolü Sempozyumu, Hava Kirlenmesi Araştırmaları ve Denetimi Türk Milli Komitesi Akdeniz Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Çevre Mühendisliği Bölümü 1-3 Kasım 2017-Antalya. [Turkish]
  • A. K. Roy Choudhury, Environmental impacts of the textile industry and its assessment through life cycle assessment, In: “Roadmap to Sustainable Textiles and Clothing,” Springer, pp. 1–39, 2014. [CrossRef]
  • L. H. Tecer, Ş. Tağıl, and M. Fıçıcı, “Is Corlu (Tekirdag, Turkey) affected by air pollution?” European Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Vol. 1(1), pp. 1–8, 2018.
  • E. Gallego, F. J. Roca, J. F. Perales, and G. Sánchez, P. “Esplugas, Characterization and determination of the odorous charge in the indoor air of a waste treatment facility through the evaluation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) using TD-GC/MS,” Waste Management, Vol. 32, pp. 2469–2481, 2012. [CrossRef]
  • R. M. Fisher, R. J. Barczak, J. P. Alvarez Gaitan, N. Le-Minh, and R. M. Stuetz, “Odorous volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions from ageing anaerobically stabilised biosolids,” Water Science and Technology, Vol. 75, pp. 1617–1624, 2017. [CrossRef]
  • Scottish Environment Protection Agency, “Integrated pollution prevention and control (IPPC), H4(1) odour part 1 draft for consultation,” Scottish Environment Protection Agency, 2002.
  • D. Cipriano, and L. Capelli, “Evolution of electronic noses from research objects to engineered environmental odour monitoring systems: A review of standardization approaches,” Biosensors (Basel), Vol. 9, Article 75. [CrossRef]
  • T. Zarra, V. Belgiorno, and V. Naddeo, “Environmental odour nuisance assessment in urbanized area: Analysis and comparison of different and ıntegrated approaches,” Atmosphere (Basel), Vol. 12, Article 690, 2021. [CrossRef]
  • C. B. Özkal, L. H. Tecer, B. Sevinç, M. Akyüzlü, and H. Özer, Citizen participation in reporting environmental nuisance, In Ö. Demirel, and E. Düzgüneş, “Introducing the Environmental report tracking and management system (ERTMS),” In 2nd International CITY and ECOLOGY Congress within the Framework of Sustainable Urban Development, pp. 83–94, 2021.
  • S. Sironi, L. Capelli, P. Céntola, R. del Rosso, and S. Pierucci, “Odour impact assessment by means of dynamic olfactometry, dispersion modelling and social participation,” Atmospheric Environment, Vol. 44, pp. 354–360, 2010. [CrossRef]
  • C. Conti, M. Guarino, and J. Bacenetti, “Measurements techniques and models to assess odor annoyance: A review,” Environment International, Vol. 134, Article 105261, 2020. [CrossRef]
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There are 62 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Environmental Sciences, Environmental Engineering, Public Health, Environmental Health
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Can Burak Özkal 0000-0001-9576-2582

Lokman Hakan Tecer 0000-0003-2761-999X

Project Number project collaboration between Tekirdag Namık Kemal University - Corlu Faculty of Engineering and Municipality of Corlu based on the municipality parliament act no: 2019/127
Publication Date June 30, 2023
Submission Date January 16, 2023
Acceptance Date May 31, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 6 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Özkal, C. B., & Tecer, L. H. (2023). Interpretation of odor complaint records with BTEX pollutants and meteorological factors: Çorlu case study. Environmental Research and Technology, 6(2), 118-132. https://doi.org/10.35208/ert.1235618
AMA Özkal CB, Tecer LH. Interpretation of odor complaint records with BTEX pollutants and meteorological factors: Çorlu case study. ERT. June 2023;6(2):118-132. doi:10.35208/ert.1235618
Chicago Özkal, Can Burak, and Lokman Hakan Tecer. “Interpretation of Odor Complaint Records With BTEX Pollutants and Meteorological Factors: Çorlu Case Study”. Environmental Research and Technology 6, no. 2 (June 2023): 118-32. https://doi.org/10.35208/ert.1235618.
EndNote Özkal CB, Tecer LH (June 1, 2023) Interpretation of odor complaint records with BTEX pollutants and meteorological factors: Çorlu case study. Environmental Research and Technology 6 2 118–132.
IEEE C. B. Özkal and L. H. Tecer, “Interpretation of odor complaint records with BTEX pollutants and meteorological factors: Çorlu case study”, ERT, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 118–132, 2023, doi: 10.35208/ert.1235618.
ISNAD Özkal, Can Burak - Tecer, Lokman Hakan. “Interpretation of Odor Complaint Records With BTEX Pollutants and Meteorological Factors: Çorlu Case Study”. Environmental Research and Technology 6/2 (June 2023), 118-132. https://doi.org/10.35208/ert.1235618.
JAMA Özkal CB, Tecer LH. Interpretation of odor complaint records with BTEX pollutants and meteorological factors: Çorlu case study. ERT. 2023;6:118–132.
MLA Özkal, Can Burak and Lokman Hakan Tecer. “Interpretation of Odor Complaint Records With BTEX Pollutants and Meteorological Factors: Çorlu Case Study”. Environmental Research and Technology, vol. 6, no. 2, 2023, pp. 118-32, doi:10.35208/ert.1235618.
Vancouver Özkal CB, Tecer LH. Interpretation of odor complaint records with BTEX pollutants and meteorological factors: Çorlu case study. ERT. 2023;6(2):118-32.