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Predictors of Psychological Resilience: Childhood Trauma Experiences and Forgiveness

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 14 Sayı: Ek 1, 242 - 250, 29.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.18863/pgy.1160408

Öz

Psychological resilience enables the person to come out of this situation in a strong way without being harmed after traumatic events. In our study, the relationship between experiencing childhood traumas, types of forgiveness and psychological resilience was examined. In addition, it was also investigated how childhood traumatic experiences and types of forgiveness (forgiving oneself, forgiving the situation, forgiving others) predict psychological resilience. In this study, which was conducted with the relational screening model, the relationships between the dependent variable “Psychological Resilience” and the independent variables “Childhood Traumas” and “Forgiveness” were examined by multiple linear regression analysis Enter method. Data were collected from a total of 366 participants, 236 of whom were women (64.5%) and 130 (35.5%) were men, living in the province of Istanbul. The Personal Information Form, Childhood Trauma Scale [CTS], Adult Resilience Scale [PDS] and Heartland Forgiveness Scale [HAS] were applied to the individuals in the sample. In the study, the relationships between the variables mentioned first were examined, the relationship was determined, and according to the results of the multiple linear regression analysis, it was determined that childhood traumas, self-forgiveness and forgiveness of the situation predicted psychological resilience, while forgiveness of others had no predictive effect. In the study, it was concluded that childhood trauma experiences negatively predicted psychological resilience, while self-forgiveness and forgiving the situation variables predicted it positively. It is thought that it is very important to study self-forgiveness, especially when working with childhood traumas in psychological trauma-based interventions and psychotherapy processes.

Kaynakça

  • Anderson P (2002) Assessment and development of executive function (EF) during childhood. Child Neuropsychology, 8, 71-82.
  • Aliyev R, Akbaş U, ve Özbay Y (2021) Mediating role of internal factors in predicting academic resilience. International Journal of School & Educational Psychology, 9(3), 236-251.
  • Arslan G (2015) Relationship between childhood psychological maltreatment, resilience, depression, and negative selfconcept. Yeni Sempozyum Dergisi, 53(4), 3-10.
  • Aydın E (2018) Çocukluk çağı travmatik yaşantılarının psikolojik sağlamlık ve depresyon belirtileri üzerine etkisi (Master's thesis, Fatih Sultan Mehmet Vakıf Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü).
  • Bacanlı H (2002) Psikolojik kavram analizleri. Ankara: Nobel Yayın Dağıtım
  • Balcı İ (2018) Çocukluk çağı travmaları ile baş etme yönelimli psiko-eğitim programının psikolojik sağlamlık üzerine etkisi [Yayınlanmış Doktora Tezi]. Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi, Trabzon.
  • Basim HN, ve Çetin F (2011) Yetişkinler için Psikolojik Dayanıklılık Ölçeği’nin güvenilirlik ve geçerlilik çalışması. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 22(2), 104-114.
  • Benjet C, Bromet E, Karam E G, Kessler R C, McLaughlin K A, et al. (2016) The epidemiology of traumatic event exposure worldwide: results from the World Mental Health Survey Consortium. Psychological Medicine, 46(2), 327–343. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291715001981
  • Begun AL, (1993) Human behavior and the social environment: The vulnerability, risk, and resilience model. Journal of Social Work Education, 29(1), 26-35.
  • Brady KT, ve Back SE (2012) Childhood trauma, posttraumatic stress disorder, and alcohol dependence. Alcohol research: current reviews, 34(4), 408–413.
  • Buckner JC, Mezzacappa E, ve Beardslee W R (2003) Characteristics of the resilient youths living in poverty: The role of self-regulatory processes. Development and Psychopathology, 15, 139-162.
  • Bugay A, Demir A, ve Delevi R (2012) Assessment of reliability and validity of the Turkish version of Heartland Forgiveness Scale. Psychological reports, 111(2), 575-584.
  • Burnette JL, Davis D E, Green J D, Worthington E L, Jr. et al. (2009) Insecure attachment and depressive symptoms: The mediating role of rumination, empathy, and forgiveness. Personality and Individual Differences, 46(3), 276–280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2008.10.016
  • Bugay A, ve Demir A (2011) Hataya ilişkin özelliklerin başkalarını affetmeyi yordaması. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 4(35), 8-17.
  • Caffo E, ve Belaise C (2003) Psychological aspects of traumatic injury in children and adolescents. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics, 12(3), 493-535.
  • Campbell-Sills L, Cohan SL, ve Stein MB (2006) Relationship of resilience to personality, coping, and psychiatric symptoms in young adults. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 44(4), 585-599.
  • Chung MS, ve Lee KJ (2014) A path-analytic study of associations between attachment, rumination, empathy, and forgiveness. Journal of Special Education and Rehabilitation Science, 53, 193–209
  • Cicchetti D (2013) Annual research review: Resilient functioning in maltreated children–past, present, and future perspectives. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 54(4), 402-422
  • Clearfield MW, ve Niman LC (2012) SES affects infant cognitive flexibility. Infant Behavior and Development, 35, 29-35
  • Çapan BE, ve Arıcıoğlu A (2014) Psikolojik sağlamlığın yordayıcısı olarak affedicilik/Forgiveness as predictor of psychological resiliency. E-Uluslararası Eğitim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 5(4), 70-82
  • Dearden J (2004) Resilience: A study of risk and protective factors from the perspective of young people with experience of local authority care. Support for Learning, 19(4), 187-193
  • Demirtaş AS (2021) Beliren Yetişkinlikte Psikolojik Dayanıklılık ve Affedicilik: Bilişsel Kontrol/Esnekliğin Paralel Çoklu Aracılığı. OPUS Uluslararası Toplum Araştırmaları Dergisi, 17(35), 1970-1989
  • Doll B, ve Lyon MA (1998) Risk and resilience: Implications for the delivery of educational and mental health services in schools. School Psychology Review, 27(3), 348-363
  • Dorrance Hall E, Scharp KM, Sanders M, ve Beaty L (2020) Family communication patterns and the mediating effects of support and resilience on students' concerns about college. Family Relations, 69(2), 276-291
  • Enright RD, ve Fitzgibbons RP (2000) Helping clients forgive: An empirical guide for resolving anger and restoring hope. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
  • Friborg O, Barlaug D, Martinussen M, Rosenvinge JH et al. (2005) Resilience in relation to personality and intelligence. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 14(1), 29-42
  • Garmezy N (1991) Resiliency and vulnerability to adverse developmental outcomes associated with poverty. American Behavioral Scientist, 34(4), 416-430.
  • Gelfo F (2019) Does Experience Enhance Cognitive Flexibility? An Overview of the Evidence Provided by the Environmental Enrichment Studies. Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience, 13, 150. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00150
  • Ghobarah H A, Huth P, ve Russett B (2003) Civil wars kill and maim people-long after the shooting stops. The American Political Science Review, 97(2), 189-202
  • Gilbert P ve Procter S (2006) Compassionate mind training for people with high shame and self-criticism: overview and pilot study of a group therapy approach. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy. 13, 353–379
  • Gizir CA (2007) Psikolojik sağlamlık, risk faktörleri ve koruyucu faktörler üzerine bir derleme çalışması. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 3(28), 113-126
  • Güloğlu B, Karaırmak Ö, ve Emiral E (2016) Çocukluk çağı travmalarının tinsellik ve affetme üzerindeki rolü. Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi, 17(4), 309-316.
  • Haine RA, Wolchik SA, Sandler IN, Millsap RE et al. (2006) Positive parenting as a protective resource for parentally bereaved children. Death Studies, 30(1), 1-28. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481180500348639
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  • Jang MH, Park J, Chong MK, ve Sok SR (2017) Factors influencing resilience of burn patients in South Korea. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 49(5), 478-486.
  • Jimenez A, Piña-Watson B, ve Manzo G (2021) Resilience through family: Family support as an academic and psychological protective resource for mexican descent first-generation college students. Journal of Hispanic Higher Education, 00(0), 1-12. ps://doi.org/10.1177/1538192720987103.
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Psikolojik Dayanıklılığın Yordayıcıları: Çocukluk Çağı Travma Yaşantıları ve Affetme

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 14 Sayı: Ek 1, 242 - 250, 29.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.18863/pgy.1160408

Öz

Psikolojik dayanıklılık travmatik olaylar sonrasında kişinin zarar görmeden güçlü bir şekilde bu durumdan çıkmasını sağlar. Çalışmamızda çocukluk çağı travmaları yaşamış olma, affetme türleri ve psikolojik dayanıklılık arasındaki ilişki incelenmiştir. Ayrıca çocukluk çağı travmatik yaşantılarının ve affetme türlerinin (kendini affetme, durumu affetme, başkalarını affetme) psikolojik dayanıklılığı nasıl yordadığı da araştırılmıştır. İlişkisel tarama modeli ile yürütülen bu araştırmada, bağımlı değişken olan “Psikolojik Dayanıklılık” ile bağımsız değişkenler “Çocukluk Çağı Travmaları” ve “Affetme” arasındaki ilişkiler çoklu doğrusal regresyon analizi standart yöntem (Enter metodu) ile incelenmiştir. İstanbul ilinde yaşayan, 236’sı kadın (%64.5), 130’u (%35.5) erkek olmak üzere toplam 366 katılımcıdan veri toplanmıştır. Örneklemi oluşturan bireylere Kişisel Bilgi Formu, Çocukluk Çağı Travmaları Ölçeği [ÇÇTÖ], Yetişkinler için Psikolojik Dayanıklılık Ölçeği [PDÖ] ve Heartland Affetme Ölçeği [HAÖ] uygulanmıştır. Yapılan çalışmada ilk olarak belirtilen değişkenler arasındaki ilişkiler incelenmiş, çocukluk çağı travma yaşantıları ile psikolojik dayanıklılık arasında negatif, kendini affetme ile psikolojik dayanıklılık arasında pozitif bir ilişki saptanmıştır. Çoklu doğrusal regresyon analizi sonuçlarına göre de çocukluk çağı travmaları, kendini affetme ve durumu affetmenin psikolojik dayanıklılığı yordadığı, başkalarını affetmenin ise herhangi bir yordayıcı etkisinin olmadığı saptanmıştır. Çalışmada çocukluk çağı travma yaşantılarının psikolojik dayanıklılığı negatif şekilde yordadığı, kendini affetme ve durumu affetme değişkenlerinin ise pozitif olarak yordadığı sonucuna varılmıştır. Psikolojik travma temelli müdahalelerde ve psikoterapi süreçlerinde çocukluk çağı travmaları ile çalışırken, özellikle kendini affetmenin çalışılmasının oldukça önemli olduğu düşünülmektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Anderson P (2002) Assessment and development of executive function (EF) during childhood. Child Neuropsychology, 8, 71-82.
  • Aliyev R, Akbaş U, ve Özbay Y (2021) Mediating role of internal factors in predicting academic resilience. International Journal of School & Educational Psychology, 9(3), 236-251.
  • Arslan G (2015) Relationship between childhood psychological maltreatment, resilience, depression, and negative selfconcept. Yeni Sempozyum Dergisi, 53(4), 3-10.
  • Aydın E (2018) Çocukluk çağı travmatik yaşantılarının psikolojik sağlamlık ve depresyon belirtileri üzerine etkisi (Master's thesis, Fatih Sultan Mehmet Vakıf Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü).
  • Bacanlı H (2002) Psikolojik kavram analizleri. Ankara: Nobel Yayın Dağıtım
  • Balcı İ (2018) Çocukluk çağı travmaları ile baş etme yönelimli psiko-eğitim programının psikolojik sağlamlık üzerine etkisi [Yayınlanmış Doktora Tezi]. Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi, Trabzon.
  • Basim HN, ve Çetin F (2011) Yetişkinler için Psikolojik Dayanıklılık Ölçeği’nin güvenilirlik ve geçerlilik çalışması. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 22(2), 104-114.
  • Benjet C, Bromet E, Karam E G, Kessler R C, McLaughlin K A, et al. (2016) The epidemiology of traumatic event exposure worldwide: results from the World Mental Health Survey Consortium. Psychological Medicine, 46(2), 327–343. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291715001981
  • Begun AL, (1993) Human behavior and the social environment: The vulnerability, risk, and resilience model. Journal of Social Work Education, 29(1), 26-35.
  • Brady KT, ve Back SE (2012) Childhood trauma, posttraumatic stress disorder, and alcohol dependence. Alcohol research: current reviews, 34(4), 408–413.
  • Buckner JC, Mezzacappa E, ve Beardslee W R (2003) Characteristics of the resilient youths living in poverty: The role of self-regulatory processes. Development and Psychopathology, 15, 139-162.
  • Bugay A, Demir A, ve Delevi R (2012) Assessment of reliability and validity of the Turkish version of Heartland Forgiveness Scale. Psychological reports, 111(2), 575-584.
  • Burnette JL, Davis D E, Green J D, Worthington E L, Jr. et al. (2009) Insecure attachment and depressive symptoms: The mediating role of rumination, empathy, and forgiveness. Personality and Individual Differences, 46(3), 276–280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2008.10.016
  • Bugay A, ve Demir A (2011) Hataya ilişkin özelliklerin başkalarını affetmeyi yordaması. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 4(35), 8-17.
  • Caffo E, ve Belaise C (2003) Psychological aspects of traumatic injury in children and adolescents. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics, 12(3), 493-535.
  • Campbell-Sills L, Cohan SL, ve Stein MB (2006) Relationship of resilience to personality, coping, and psychiatric symptoms in young adults. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 44(4), 585-599.
  • Chung MS, ve Lee KJ (2014) A path-analytic study of associations between attachment, rumination, empathy, and forgiveness. Journal of Special Education and Rehabilitation Science, 53, 193–209
  • Cicchetti D (2013) Annual research review: Resilient functioning in maltreated children–past, present, and future perspectives. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 54(4), 402-422
  • Clearfield MW, ve Niman LC (2012) SES affects infant cognitive flexibility. Infant Behavior and Development, 35, 29-35
  • Çapan BE, ve Arıcıoğlu A (2014) Psikolojik sağlamlığın yordayıcısı olarak affedicilik/Forgiveness as predictor of psychological resiliency. E-Uluslararası Eğitim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 5(4), 70-82
  • Dearden J (2004) Resilience: A study of risk and protective factors from the perspective of young people with experience of local authority care. Support for Learning, 19(4), 187-193
  • Demirtaş AS (2021) Beliren Yetişkinlikte Psikolojik Dayanıklılık ve Affedicilik: Bilişsel Kontrol/Esnekliğin Paralel Çoklu Aracılığı. OPUS Uluslararası Toplum Araştırmaları Dergisi, 17(35), 1970-1989
  • Doll B, ve Lyon MA (1998) Risk and resilience: Implications for the delivery of educational and mental health services in schools. School Psychology Review, 27(3), 348-363
  • Dorrance Hall E, Scharp KM, Sanders M, ve Beaty L (2020) Family communication patterns and the mediating effects of support and resilience on students' concerns about college. Family Relations, 69(2), 276-291
  • Enright RD, ve Fitzgibbons RP (2000) Helping clients forgive: An empirical guide for resolving anger and restoring hope. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
  • Friborg O, Barlaug D, Martinussen M, Rosenvinge JH et al. (2005) Resilience in relation to personality and intelligence. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 14(1), 29-42
  • Garmezy N (1991) Resiliency and vulnerability to adverse developmental outcomes associated with poverty. American Behavioral Scientist, 34(4), 416-430.
  • Gelfo F (2019) Does Experience Enhance Cognitive Flexibility? An Overview of the Evidence Provided by the Environmental Enrichment Studies. Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience, 13, 150. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00150
  • Ghobarah H A, Huth P, ve Russett B (2003) Civil wars kill and maim people-long after the shooting stops. The American Political Science Review, 97(2), 189-202
  • Gilbert P ve Procter S (2006) Compassionate mind training for people with high shame and self-criticism: overview and pilot study of a group therapy approach. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy. 13, 353–379
  • Gizir CA (2007) Psikolojik sağlamlık, risk faktörleri ve koruyucu faktörler üzerine bir derleme çalışması. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 3(28), 113-126
  • Güloğlu B, Karaırmak Ö, ve Emiral E (2016) Çocukluk çağı travmalarının tinsellik ve affetme üzerindeki rolü. Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi, 17(4), 309-316.
  • Haine RA, Wolchik SA, Sandler IN, Millsap RE et al. (2006) Positive parenting as a protective resource for parentally bereaved children. Death Studies, 30(1), 1-28. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481180500348639
  • Hall JH, ve Fincham FD (2005) Self–forgiveness: The stepchild of forgiveness research. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 24(5), 621-637
  • Hayes SC (2008) The roots of compassion. Keynote address presented at the fourth Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Summer Institute, Chicago, IL. http://www.globalpres.com/mediasite/Viewer/?peid=017fe6ef4b1544279d8cf27 adbe92a51
  • Hong S-I, Jin, S-O, Hyun, M-H, Bae SM et al. (2009) A study of relationship among forgiveness, depression and depressive response styles. The Korean Journal of Stress Research, 17, 63–70
  • Hussain S, ve Munaf S (2012) Perceived father acceptance-rejectıon in childhood and psychological adjustment in adulthood. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 3(1), 149-156
  • Jang MH, Park J, Chong MK, ve Sok SR (2017) Factors influencing resilience of burn patients in South Korea. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 49(5), 478-486.
  • Jimenez A, Piña-Watson B, ve Manzo G (2021) Resilience through family: Family support as an academic and psychological protective resource for mexican descent first-generation college students. Journal of Hispanic Higher Education, 00(0), 1-12. ps://doi.org/10.1177/1538192720987103.
  • Karaırmak Ö (2006) Psikolojik sağlamlık, risk faktörleri ve koruyucu faktörler. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 3(26), 129-142
  • Karasar N (2011) Bilimsel Araştırma Yöntemleri. Ankara: Nobel Yayınları.
  • Killgore W D, Taylor E C, Cloonan S A, ve Dailey N S (2020) Psychological resilience during the COVID-19 lockdown. Psychiatry Research, 291
  • Lerner H (2004) Themes of Early Parent Loss in My Life as a Dog [Kitap İncelemesi, My life as a dog, & My life as a dog, R. Jönsson ve L. Hallström]. Psychoanalytic Psychology, 21(3), 463–472. https://doi.org/10.1037/0736-9735.21.3.463
  • Long KN, Chen Y, Potts M, Hanson J et al. (2020) Spiritually motivated self-forgiveness and divine forgiveness, and subsequent health and well-being among middle-aged female nurses: An outcome-wide longitudinal approach. Frontiers in Psychology, 1337, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01337
  • Lou, Y, Taylor EP, ve Di Folco S (2018) Resilience and resilience factors in children in residential care: A systematic review. Children and Youth Services Review, 89, 83-92.
  • Luthar SS, Cicchetti D, Becker B (2000) The construct of resilience: A critical evaluation and guidelines for future work. Child development, 71(3), 543-562.
  • Masten AS (1994) Resilience in individual development: Successful adaptation despite risk and adversity: Challenges and prospects. İçinde Educational resilience in inner city America: Challenges and prospects (ss. 3-25). Lawrence Erlbaum.
  • Masten AS, ve Reed, MGJ (2002) Resilience in development. Handbook of Positive Psychology, 74-88. London: Oxford University Press.
  • Moss WJ, Ramakrishnan M, Storms D, Henderson Siegle A, et al. (2006) Child health in complex emergencies. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 84, 58-64.
  • Oshio A, Taku K, Hirano M, ve Saeed G (2018) Resilience and Big Five personality traits: A meta-analysis. Personality and Individual Differences, 127, 54-60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2018.01.048
  • Rahmandani A, Kaloeti DVS, Salma S, Sakti H et al. (2020) Relationship between forgiveness, triadic forgiveness dimensions, and resilience in javanese emerging adults. Sexual Abuse, 9, 2-1.
  • Rodden J (2004) Forgiveness, education, public policy: The road not yet taken. Modern Age, 46(4), 333-341.
  • Rutter M (1999) Resilience concepts and findings: Implications for family therapy. Journal of Family Therapy, 21(2), 119-144.
  • Svanberg PO (1998) Attachment, resilience and prevention. Journal of Mental Health, 7(6), 543-578.
  • Şar V, Öztürk E, ve İkikardeş E (2012) Çocukluk çağı ruhsal travma ölçeğinin Türkçe uyarlamasının geçerlilik ve güvenilirliği. Türkiye Klinikleri, 32(4), 1054-1063.
  • Taysi E (2007) İkili İlişkilerde Bağışlama: İlişki Kalitesi ve Yüklemelerin Rolü [Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi], Ankara Üniversitesi, Ankara.
  • Thompson LY, Snyder CR, Hoffman L, Michael ST et al. (2005) Dispositional forgiveness of self, others, and situations. Journal of Personality, 73, 313-359.
  • Toussaint L, ve Friedman P (2009) Forgiveness, gratitude, and well-being: The mediating role of affect and beliefs. Journal of Happiness Studies, 10(6), 635.
  • Tıraşçı Y, ve Gören S (2007) Çocuk istismarı ve ihmali. Dicle Tıp Dergisi, 34(1), 70-74.
  • Tuck I, ve Anderson L (2014) Forgiveness, Flourishing, and Resilience: The Influences of Expressions of Spirituality on Mental Health Recovery, Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 35(4), 277-282, https://doi.org/10.3109/01612840.2014.885623
  • Turan Ö (2021) Üniversite öğrencilerinde çocukluk çağı travmaları, psikolojik dayanıklılık ve stresle başa çıkma biçimleri arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi (Master's thesis, İstanbul Gelişim Üniversitesi Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü).
  • Turnage B, Hong YJ, Stevenson AP ve Edwards B (2011) Social work students' perceptions of themselves and others: Self-esteem, empathy, and forgiveness. Journal of Social Service Research, 37(5), 1-11
  • Vanderbilt-Adriance E (2006) Protective factors and the development of resilience among boys from low-income families (Doctoral dissertation, University of Pittsburgh). [Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi]. Pittsburgh Üniversitesi, Pensilvanya.
  • Werner EE (2000) Protective factors and individual resilience. Handbook of Early Childhood Intervention, 2, 115-132.
  • Wingo AP, Wrenn G, Pelletier T, Gutman AR et al. (2010) Moderating effects of resilience on depression in individuals with a history of childhood abuse or trauma exposure. Journal of Affective Disorders, 126(3), 411-414.
  • WHO-World Health Organization (2006) Preventing Child Maltreatment: a Guide to Taking Action and Generating Evidence, Geneva, 14-89. http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/43499/92?sequence=1 Erişim Tarihi: 09.09.2018.
  • WHO-World Health Organization (2002) World Report on Violence and Health Summary. Geneva: World Health Organization. http://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/violence/world_report/en/summary_en.p df Erişim Tarihi:19.11.2018.
  • Worthington EL Jr. (Ed.) (2005) Handbook of forgiveness. New York: Brunner Routledge.
  • Worthington EL ve Scherer M (2004) Forgiveness is an emotion-focused coping strategy that can reduce health risks and promote health resilience: Theory, review, and hypotheses. Psychology & Health, 19(3), 385-405.
  • Worthington EL, Witvliet CVO, Pietrini P ve Miller AJ (2007) Forgiveness, health, and well-being: A review of evidence for emotional versus decisional forgiveness, dispositional forgivingness, and reduced unforgiveness. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 30(4), 291-302.
  • Xi Y, Peng, K, Wang Y ve Chen R et al. (2020) Post-traumatic stress disorder and the role of resilience, social support, anxiety and depression after the Jiuzhaigou earthquake: A structural equation model. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 49(101958), 1-5.
  • Yehuda R (Ed.). (1998) Neuroendocrinology of trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder. İçinde R. Yehuda (Ed.), Psychological trauma (ss. 97–131). American Psychiatric Association.
Toplam 72 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Psikoloji
Bölüm Araştırma
Yazarlar

Necmiye Doğruer 0000-0001-7429-1056

Füsun Gökkaya 0000-0002-9392-0724

Eliz Volkan 0000-0003-2857-4412

Merve Güleç 0000-0003-0583-8067

Yayımlanma Tarihi 29 Aralık 2022
Kabul Tarihi 24 Ekim 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 14 Sayı: Ek 1

Kaynak Göster

AMA Doğruer N, Gökkaya F, Volkan E, Güleç M. Predictors of Psychological Resilience: Childhood Trauma Experiences and Forgiveness. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar. Aralık 2022;14(Ek 1):242-250. doi:10.18863/pgy.1160408

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Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar Creative Commons Atıf-Gayriticari-Türetilemez 4.0 Uluslararası Lisansı ile lisanslanmıştır.