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Evaluation of the performance of the real-time precise point positioning (RT-PPP) technique based on low-cost GNSS observations and contribution of multi-GNSS observations

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 4, 1341 - 1350, 15.10.2023

Mert Bezcioğlu

https://doi.org/10.28948/ngumuh.1310577
Cited By: 1

Öz

This study presents an investigation of the positioning performance of the Real-Time Precise Point Positioning (RT-PPP) technique based on low-cost Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) observations and the contribution of multi-GNSS observations to the method. In the study, two different experiments were performed in static and kinematic modes employing two low-cost u-blox ZED-F9P receivers and ANN-MB-00 antennas. In both experiments, RT-PPP solutions were performed using the products obtained from the real-time precise orbit and clock corrections from the IGS03 stream based on Global Positioning System (GPS) and GPS+Galileo observations, and these results were compared with the Real-Time Kinematic (RTK) data based on GPS+Galileo observations. The findings of the experiment realized in static mode clearly demonstrated that the multi-GNSS observations converge about 30 minutes earlier than GPS-only observations and provide approximately ±3, ±11, and ±6 cm more precise position accuracy for the east, north, and up components, respectively. The kinematic test results indicated that the multi-GNSS observations improved the position accuracy obtained compared to a single system by 33% and 25% for horizontal and vertical components, respectively. However, considering that the results obtained from both experiments are in the order of dm, it is clear that the RT-PPP technique based on low-cost GNSS observations will not be sufficient in geodetic applications that require high accuracy, whereas it provides sufficient accuracy for navigation applications.

Anahtar Kelimeler

GNSS Low-cost GNSS RTK RT-PPP u-blox

Kaynakça

  • S. Malys and P. A. Jensen, Geodetic point positioning with GPS carrier beat phase data from the CASA UNO Experiment, Geophysical Research Letters, 17(5), 651–654, 1990, https://doi.org/10.1029/GL017i005p00651.
  • J. F. Zumberge, M. B. Heflin, D. C. Jefferson, M. M. Watkins, and F. H. Webb, Precise point positioning for the efficient and robust analysis of GPS data from large networks, Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 102 (B3), 5005–5017, 1997, https://doi.org/10.1029/96JB03860.
  • J. Kouba and P. Héroux, Precise Point Positioning Using IGS Orbit and Clock Products, GPS Solutions, 5 (2), 12–28, 2001, https://doi.org/10.1007/PL00012883.
  • J. Geng, F. N. Teferle, X. Meng, and A. H. Dodson, Kinematic precise point positioning at remote marine platforms, GPS Solutions, 14 (4), 343–350, 2010, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10291-009-0157-9.
  • M. Bezcioğlu, C. Ö. Yiğit, ve M. N. Bodur, Kinematik PPP-AR ve Geleneksel PPP Yöntemlerin Performanslarının Değerlendirilmesi: Antarktika Yarımadası Örneği, Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Fen Ve Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 19 (1), 162–169, 2019, https://doi.org/10.35414/akufemubid.467336.
  • J. Guo, X. Li, Z. Li, L. Hu, G. Yang, C. Zhao, D. Fairbairn, D. Watson, and M. Ge, Multi-GNSS precise point positioning for precision agriculture, Precision Agriculture, 19 (5), 895–911, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11119-018-9563-8.
  • M. R. Kaloop, C. O. Yigit, A. El-Mowafy, A. A. Dindar, M. Bezcioglu, and J. W. Hu, Hybrid wavelet and principal component analyses approach for extracting dynamic motion characteristics from displacement series derived from multipath-affected high-rate GNSS observations, Remote Sensing, 12 (1), 2020, https://doi.org/10.3390/RS12010079.
  • P. Xu, C. Shi, R. Fang, J. Liu, X. Niu, Q. Zhang, and T. Yanagidani, High-rate precise point positioning (PPP) to measure seismic wave motions: An experimental comparison of GPS PPP with inertial measurement units, Journal of Geodesy, 87 (4), 361–372, 2013, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00190-012-0606-z.
  • F. Zhou, X. Cao, Y. Ge, and W. Li, Assessment of the positioning performance and tropospheric delay retrieval with precise point positioning using products from different analysis centers, GPS Solutions, 24 (1), 1–11, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10291-019-0925-0.
  • X. Ren, X. Zhang, W. Xie, K. Zhang, Y. Yuan, and X. Li, Global Ionospheric Modelling using Multi-GNSS: BeiDou, Galileo, GLONASS and GPS, Scientific Reports, 6, August, 1–11, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1038/srep33499.
  • J. Kouba, A Guide to using international GNSS Service ( IGS ) Products, Geodetic Survey Division Natural Resources Canada Ottawa, 6 (34), 2009, [Online]. Available: http://graypantherssf.igs.org/igscb/resource/pubs/UsingIGSProductsVer21.pdf
  • Z. Wang, Z. Li, L. Wang, X. Wang, and H. Yuan, Assessment of multiple GNSS real-Time SSR products from different analysis centers, ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 7 (3), 2018, https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi7030085.
  • L. Chen, Q. Zhao, Z. Hu, X. Jiang, C. Geng, M. Ge, and C. Shi, GNSS global real-time augmentation positioning: Real-time precise satellite clock estimation, prototype system construction and performance analysis, Advances in Space Research, 61 (1), 367–384, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2017.08.037.
  • L. Wang, Z. Li, M. Ge, F. Neitzel, Z. Wang, and H. Yuan, Validation and assessment of multi-GNSS real-time precise point positioning in simulated kinematic mode using IGS real-time service, Remote Sensing, 10 (2), 2018, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10020337.
  • T. Hadas and J. Bosy, IGS RTS precise orbits and clocks verification and quality degradation over time, GPS Solutions, 19 (1), 93–105, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10291-014-0369-5.
  • M. El-Diasty and M. Elsobeiey, Precise Point Positioning Technique with IGS Real-Time Service (RTS) for Maritime Applications, Positioning, 06 (04), 71–80, 2015, https://doi.org/10.4236/pos.2015.64008.
  • L. Wang, Z. Li, M. Ge, F. Neitzel, X. Wang, and H. Yuan, Investigation of the performance of real-time BDS-only precise point positioning using the IGS real-time service, GPS Solutions, 23 (3), 1–12, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10291-019-0856-9.
  • M. Elsobeiey and S. Al-Harbi, Performance of real-time Precise Point Positioning using IGS real-time service, GPS Solutions, 20 (3), 565–571, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10291-015-0467-z.
  • N. Takahashi, Y. Ishihara, H. Ochi, T. Fukuda, J. Tahara, Y. Maeda, M. Kido, Y. Ohta, K. Mutoh, G. Hashimoto, S. Kogure, and Y. Kaneda, New buoy observation system for tsunami and crustal deformation, Marine Geophysical Research, 35 (3), 243–253, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11001-014-9235-7.
  • X. Li, M. Ge, X. Zhang, Y. Zhang, B. Guo, R. Wang, J. Klotz, and J. Wickert, Real-time high-rate co-seismic displacement from ambiguity-fixed precise point positioning: Application to earthquake early warning, Geophysical Research Letters, 40 (2), 295–300, 2013, https://doi.org/10.1002/grl.50138.
  • X. Tang, G. W. Roberts, X. Li, and C. M. Hancock, Real-time kinematic PPP GPS for structure monitoring applied on the Severn Suspension Bridge, UK, Advances in Space Research, 60 (5), 925–937, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2017.05.010.
  • M. Bezcioglu, C. O. Yigit, B. Karadeniz, A. A. Dindar, A. El-Mowafy, and Ö. Avcı, Evaluation of real-time variometric approach and real-time precise point positioning in monitoring dynamic displacement based on high-rate (20 Hz) GPS Observations, GPS Solutions, 27 (1), 1–13, 2023, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10291-022-01381-6.
  • B. Bahadur, An improved weighting strategy for tropospheric delay estimation with real-time single-frequency precise positioning, Earth Science Informatics, 15 (2), 1267–1284, 2022, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12145-022-00814-7.
  • B. Bahadur, Impact of different troposphere models on the real-time multi-GNSS PPP performance, Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 12 (3), 756–768, 2022, https://doi.org/10.17714/gumusfenbil.1061668.
  • E. Tunalı, Monitoring Water Vapor Variations with PPP and IGS Real Time Service, Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Fen Ve Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 18 (1), 343–356, 2018, https://doi.org/10.5578/fmbd.66259.
  • T. Öcalan ve M. Soycan, RTCM/SSR Mesajları İle Gerçek Zamanlı Hassas Nokta Konumlama (PPP-RTK) Tekniği, Harita Teknolojileri Elektronik Dergisi, 4 (2), 30–41, 2012.
  • S. Alçay, Gerçek Zamanli Hassas Nokta Konumlama (RT-PPP)Yöntemi̇ni̇n KonumBeli̇rleme Performansinin Doğruluk VeHassasi̇yet Bakimindaİncelenmesi̇, Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 8 (1), 121–133, 2019, https://doi.org/10.28948/ngumuh.516842.
  • S. Alçay and Ö. Atiz, Farklı Yazılımlar Kullanılarak Gerçek Zamanlı Hassas Nokta Konum Belirleme (RT-PPP) Yönteminin Performansının İncelenmesi, Geomatik, 6 (1), 77–83, 2021, https://doi.org/10.29128/geomatik.687709.
  • R. M. Alkan, S. Erol, ve B. Mutlu, IGS-RTS ürünleri kullanılarak gerçek-zamanlı hassas nokta konumlama (RT-PPP) tekniğinin performans analizi: Antarktika örneği, Yerbilimleri, 43 (1), 76–95, 2022, https://doi.org/10.17824/yerbilimleri.1050124.
  • C. İnal, B. Bilgen, S. Bülbül, ve M. Başbük, Farklı uydu sistemi kombinasyonlarının gerçek zamanlı hassas nokta konumlamaya etkisi, Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 11 (1), 109–115, 2021, https://doi.org/10.28948/ngumuh.996018.
  • Z. Nie, F. Liu, and Y. Gao, Real-time precise point positioning with a low-cost dual-frequency GNSS device, GPS Solutions, 24 (1), 1–11, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10291-019-0922-3.
  • D. Janos, P. Kuras, and Ł. Ortyl, Evaluation of low-cost RTK GNSS receiver in motion under demanding conditions, Measurement: Journal of the International Measurement Confederation, 201, 2022, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2022.111647.
  • M. F. Karabulut, N. O. Aykut, B. Akpinar, G. Oku Topal, Z. B. Çakmak, B. Doran, A. A. Dindar, C. Ö. Yiğit, M. Bezcioglu, and A. Zafer, The Positioning Performance of Low-Cost Gnss Receivers in Precise Point Positioning Method, Advances in Geodesy and Geoinformation, 71 (2), e29, 2022, https://doi.org/10.24425/agg.2022.141916.
  • G. Sanna, T. Pisanu, and S. Garau, Behavior of Low-Cost Receivers in Base-Rover Configuration with Geodetic-Grade Antennas, Sensors, 22 (7), 1–17, 2022, https://doi.org/10.3390/s22072779.
  • M. Di, B. Guo, J. Ren, X. Wu, Z. Zhang, Y. Liu, Q. Liu, and A. Zhang, GNSS Real–Time Precise Point Positioning in Arctic Northeast Passage, Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 10 (10), 2022, https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10101345.
  • R. Hohensinn, R. Stauffer, M. F. Glaner, I. D. Herrera Pinzón, E. Vuadens, Y. Rossi, J. Clinton, and M. Rothacher, Low-Cost GNSS and Real-Time PPP: Assessing the Precision of the u-blox ZED-F9P for Kinematic Monitoring Applications, Remote Sensing, 14 (20), 1–25, 2022, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14205100.
  • G. Oku Topal, M. F. Karabulut, N. O. Aykut, and B. Akpınar, Performance of low-cost GNSS equipment in monitoring of horizontal displacements, Survey Review, 1–10, 2023, https://doi.org/10.1080/00396265.2023.2179910.
  • A. El-Mowafy, M. Deo, and N. Kubo, Maintaining real-time precise point positioning during outages of orbit and clock corrections, GPS Solutions, 1–11, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10291-016-0583-4.
  • T. Takasu and A. Yasuda, Development of the low-cost RTK-GPS receiver with an open source program package RTKLIB, International Symposium on GPS/GNSS, 4–6, 2009.
  • B. Li, H. Ge, Y. Bu, Y. Zheng, and L. Yuan, Comprehensive assessment of real-time precise products from IGS analysis centers, Satellite Navigation, 3 (1), 2022, https://doi.org/10.1186/s43020-022-00074-2.

Düşük maliyetli GNSS gözlemlerine dayalı gerçek-zamanlı hassas nokta konum belirleme (RT-PPP) tekniğinin performansının değerlendirilmesi ve çoklu-GNSS gözlemlerinin katkısı

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 4, 1341 - 1350, 15.10.2023

Mert Bezcioğlu

https://doi.org/10.28948/ngumuh.1310577
Cited By: 1

Öz

Bu çalışma, düşük maliyetli Küresel Uydu Navigasyon Sistemi (Global Navigation Satellite Systems -GNSS-) gözlemlerine dayalı Gerçek-Zamanlı Hassas Nokta Konum Belirleme (Real-Time Precise Point Positioning -RT-PPP-) tekniğinin konum belirleme performansının araştırılmasını ve yönteme çoklu-GNSS gözlemlerinin katkısını sunmaktadır. Çalışmada, iki adet düşük maliyetli u-blox ZED-F9P alıcısı ve ANN-MB-00 anteni kullanılarak statik ve kinematik modda iki farklı deney gerçekleştirilmiştir. Gerçekleştirilen iki deney setinde de Küresel Konum Belirleme Sistemi (Global Positioning System -GPS-) ve GPS+Galileo gözlemlerine dayalı olarak IGS03 akışından elde edilen gerçek-zamanlı hassas yörünge ve saat düzeltmelerinden elde edilen ürünlerle RT-PPP çözümleri gerçekleştirilmiş ve bu sonuçlar, GPS+Galileo gözlemlerine dayalı Gerçek-Zamanlı Kinematik (Real-Time Kinematic -RTK-) verileri ile karşılaştırılmıştır. Statik modda gerçekleştirilen deneyin bulguları, çoklu-GNSS gözlemlerinin sadece-GPS gözlemlerine kıyasla yaklaşık olarak 30 dakika daha erken yakınsadığını ve sağa, yukarı ve h bileşenleri için sırasıyla ±3, ±11 ve ±6 cm mertebesinde daha hassas konum doğruluğu sağladığını açıkça göstermektedir. Kinematik deney sonuçları ise çoklu-GNSS gözlemlerinin tek sisteme kıyasla elde edilen konum doğruluğunu yatay ve düşey bileşenler için sırasıyla %33 ve %25 oranında iyileştirdiğini ifade etmektedir. Ancak, her iki deneyden elde edilen sonuçların dm mertebesinde olduğu göz önüne alındığında, düşük maliyetli GNSS gözlemlerine dayalı RT-PPP tekniğinin yüksek doğruluk gerektiren jeodezik uygulamalarda yeterli olmayacağını, buna karşılık navigasyon uygulamaları için yeterli doğruluk sağladığı açıktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

GNSS Düşük-maliyetli GNSS RTK RT-PPP u-blox

Kaynakça

  • S. Malys and P. A. Jensen, Geodetic point positioning with GPS carrier beat phase data from the CASA UNO Experiment, Geophysical Research Letters, 17(5), 651–654, 1990, https://doi.org/10.1029/GL017i005p00651.
  • J. F. Zumberge, M. B. Heflin, D. C. Jefferson, M. M. Watkins, and F. H. Webb, Precise point positioning for the efficient and robust analysis of GPS data from large networks, Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 102 (B3), 5005–5017, 1997, https://doi.org/10.1029/96JB03860.
  • J. Kouba and P. Héroux, Precise Point Positioning Using IGS Orbit and Clock Products, GPS Solutions, 5 (2), 12–28, 2001, https://doi.org/10.1007/PL00012883.
  • J. Geng, F. N. Teferle, X. Meng, and A. H. Dodson, Kinematic precise point positioning at remote marine platforms, GPS Solutions, 14 (4), 343–350, 2010, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10291-009-0157-9.
  • M. Bezcioğlu, C. Ö. Yiğit, ve M. N. Bodur, Kinematik PPP-AR ve Geleneksel PPP Yöntemlerin Performanslarının Değerlendirilmesi: Antarktika Yarımadası Örneği, Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Fen Ve Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 19 (1), 162–169, 2019, https://doi.org/10.35414/akufemubid.467336.
  • J. Guo, X. Li, Z. Li, L. Hu, G. Yang, C. Zhao, D. Fairbairn, D. Watson, and M. Ge, Multi-GNSS precise point positioning for precision agriculture, Precision Agriculture, 19 (5), 895–911, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11119-018-9563-8.
  • M. R. Kaloop, C. O. Yigit, A. El-Mowafy, A. A. Dindar, M. Bezcioglu, and J. W. Hu, Hybrid wavelet and principal component analyses approach for extracting dynamic motion characteristics from displacement series derived from multipath-affected high-rate GNSS observations, Remote Sensing, 12 (1), 2020, https://doi.org/10.3390/RS12010079.
  • P. Xu, C. Shi, R. Fang, J. Liu, X. Niu, Q. Zhang, and T. Yanagidani, High-rate precise point positioning (PPP) to measure seismic wave motions: An experimental comparison of GPS PPP with inertial measurement units, Journal of Geodesy, 87 (4), 361–372, 2013, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00190-012-0606-z.
  • F. Zhou, X. Cao, Y. Ge, and W. Li, Assessment of the positioning performance and tropospheric delay retrieval with precise point positioning using products from different analysis centers, GPS Solutions, 24 (1), 1–11, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10291-019-0925-0.
  • X. Ren, X. Zhang, W. Xie, K. Zhang, Y. Yuan, and X. Li, Global Ionospheric Modelling using Multi-GNSS: BeiDou, Galileo, GLONASS and GPS, Scientific Reports, 6, August, 1–11, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1038/srep33499.
  • J. Kouba, A Guide to using international GNSS Service ( IGS ) Products, Geodetic Survey Division Natural Resources Canada Ottawa, 6 (34), 2009, [Online]. Available: http://graypantherssf.igs.org/igscb/resource/pubs/UsingIGSProductsVer21.pdf
  • Z. Wang, Z. Li, L. Wang, X. Wang, and H. Yuan, Assessment of multiple GNSS real-Time SSR products from different analysis centers, ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 7 (3), 2018, https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi7030085.
  • L. Chen, Q. Zhao, Z. Hu, X. Jiang, C. Geng, M. Ge, and C. Shi, GNSS global real-time augmentation positioning: Real-time precise satellite clock estimation, prototype system construction and performance analysis, Advances in Space Research, 61 (1), 367–384, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2017.08.037.
  • L. Wang, Z. Li, M. Ge, F. Neitzel, Z. Wang, and H. Yuan, Validation and assessment of multi-GNSS real-time precise point positioning in simulated kinematic mode using IGS real-time service, Remote Sensing, 10 (2), 2018, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10020337.
  • T. Hadas and J. Bosy, IGS RTS precise orbits and clocks verification and quality degradation over time, GPS Solutions, 19 (1), 93–105, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10291-014-0369-5.
  • M. El-Diasty and M. Elsobeiey, Precise Point Positioning Technique with IGS Real-Time Service (RTS) for Maritime Applications, Positioning, 06 (04), 71–80, 2015, https://doi.org/10.4236/pos.2015.64008.
  • L. Wang, Z. Li, M. Ge, F. Neitzel, X. Wang, and H. Yuan, Investigation of the performance of real-time BDS-only precise point positioning using the IGS real-time service, GPS Solutions, 23 (3), 1–12, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10291-019-0856-9.
  • M. Elsobeiey and S. Al-Harbi, Performance of real-time Precise Point Positioning using IGS real-time service, GPS Solutions, 20 (3), 565–571, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10291-015-0467-z.
  • N. Takahashi, Y. Ishihara, H. Ochi, T. Fukuda, J. Tahara, Y. Maeda, M. Kido, Y. Ohta, K. Mutoh, G. Hashimoto, S. Kogure, and Y. Kaneda, New buoy observation system for tsunami and crustal deformation, Marine Geophysical Research, 35 (3), 243–253, 2014, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11001-014-9235-7.
  • X. Li, M. Ge, X. Zhang, Y. Zhang, B. Guo, R. Wang, J. Klotz, and J. Wickert, Real-time high-rate co-seismic displacement from ambiguity-fixed precise point positioning: Application to earthquake early warning, Geophysical Research Letters, 40 (2), 295–300, 2013, https://doi.org/10.1002/grl.50138.
  • X. Tang, G. W. Roberts, X. Li, and C. M. Hancock, Real-time kinematic PPP GPS for structure monitoring applied on the Severn Suspension Bridge, UK, Advances in Space Research, 60 (5), 925–937, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2017.05.010.
  • M. Bezcioglu, C. O. Yigit, B. Karadeniz, A. A. Dindar, A. El-Mowafy, and Ö. Avcı, Evaluation of real-time variometric approach and real-time precise point positioning in monitoring dynamic displacement based on high-rate (20 Hz) GPS Observations, GPS Solutions, 27 (1), 1–13, 2023, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10291-022-01381-6.
  • B. Bahadur, An improved weighting strategy for tropospheric delay estimation with real-time single-frequency precise positioning, Earth Science Informatics, 15 (2), 1267–1284, 2022, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12145-022-00814-7.
  • B. Bahadur, Impact of different troposphere models on the real-time multi-GNSS PPP performance, Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 12 (3), 756–768, 2022, https://doi.org/10.17714/gumusfenbil.1061668.
  • E. Tunalı, Monitoring Water Vapor Variations with PPP and IGS Real Time Service, Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Fen Ve Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 18 (1), 343–356, 2018, https://doi.org/10.5578/fmbd.66259.
  • T. Öcalan ve M. Soycan, RTCM/SSR Mesajları İle Gerçek Zamanlı Hassas Nokta Konumlama (PPP-RTK) Tekniği, Harita Teknolojileri Elektronik Dergisi, 4 (2), 30–41, 2012.
  • S. Alçay, Gerçek Zamanli Hassas Nokta Konumlama (RT-PPP)Yöntemi̇ni̇n KonumBeli̇rleme Performansinin Doğruluk VeHassasi̇yet Bakimindaİncelenmesi̇, Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 8 (1), 121–133, 2019, https://doi.org/10.28948/ngumuh.516842.
  • S. Alçay and Ö. Atiz, Farklı Yazılımlar Kullanılarak Gerçek Zamanlı Hassas Nokta Konum Belirleme (RT-PPP) Yönteminin Performansının İncelenmesi, Geomatik, 6 (1), 77–83, 2021, https://doi.org/10.29128/geomatik.687709.
  • R. M. Alkan, S. Erol, ve B. Mutlu, IGS-RTS ürünleri kullanılarak gerçek-zamanlı hassas nokta konumlama (RT-PPP) tekniğinin performans analizi: Antarktika örneği, Yerbilimleri, 43 (1), 76–95, 2022, https://doi.org/10.17824/yerbilimleri.1050124.
  • C. İnal, B. Bilgen, S. Bülbül, ve M. Başbük, Farklı uydu sistemi kombinasyonlarının gerçek zamanlı hassas nokta konumlamaya etkisi, Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 11 (1), 109–115, 2021, https://doi.org/10.28948/ngumuh.996018.
  • Z. Nie, F. Liu, and Y. Gao, Real-time precise point positioning with a low-cost dual-frequency GNSS device, GPS Solutions, 24 (1), 1–11, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10291-019-0922-3.
  • D. Janos, P. Kuras, and Ł. Ortyl, Evaluation of low-cost RTK GNSS receiver in motion under demanding conditions, Measurement: Journal of the International Measurement Confederation, 201, 2022, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2022.111647.
  • M. F. Karabulut, N. O. Aykut, B. Akpinar, G. Oku Topal, Z. B. Çakmak, B. Doran, A. A. Dindar, C. Ö. Yiğit, M. Bezcioglu, and A. Zafer, The Positioning Performance of Low-Cost Gnss Receivers in Precise Point Positioning Method, Advances in Geodesy and Geoinformation, 71 (2), e29, 2022, https://doi.org/10.24425/agg.2022.141916.
  • G. Sanna, T. Pisanu, and S. Garau, Behavior of Low-Cost Receivers in Base-Rover Configuration with Geodetic-Grade Antennas, Sensors, 22 (7), 1–17, 2022, https://doi.org/10.3390/s22072779.
  • M. Di, B. Guo, J. Ren, X. Wu, Z. Zhang, Y. Liu, Q. Liu, and A. Zhang, GNSS Real–Time Precise Point Positioning in Arctic Northeast Passage, Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 10 (10), 2022, https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10101345.
  • R. Hohensinn, R. Stauffer, M. F. Glaner, I. D. Herrera Pinzón, E. Vuadens, Y. Rossi, J. Clinton, and M. Rothacher, Low-Cost GNSS and Real-Time PPP: Assessing the Precision of the u-blox ZED-F9P for Kinematic Monitoring Applications, Remote Sensing, 14 (20), 1–25, 2022, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14205100.
  • G. Oku Topal, M. F. Karabulut, N. O. Aykut, and B. Akpınar, Performance of low-cost GNSS equipment in monitoring of horizontal displacements, Survey Review, 1–10, 2023, https://doi.org/10.1080/00396265.2023.2179910.
  • A. El-Mowafy, M. Deo, and N. Kubo, Maintaining real-time precise point positioning during outages of orbit and clock corrections, GPS Solutions, 1–11, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10291-016-0583-4.
  • T. Takasu and A. Yasuda, Development of the low-cost RTK-GPS receiver with an open source program package RTKLIB, International Symposium on GPS/GNSS, 4–6, 2009.
  • B. Li, H. Ge, Y. Bu, Y. Zheng, and L. Yuan, Comprehensive assessment of real-time precise products from IGS analysis centers, Satellite Navigation, 3 (1), 2022, https://doi.org/10.1186/s43020-022-00074-2.
Toplam 40 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Uydu Tabanlı Konumlama
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Mert Bezcioğlu 0000-0001-7179-8361

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 19 Eylül 2023
Yayımlanma Tarihi 15 Ekim 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 6 Haziran 2023
Kabul Tarihi 14 Eylül 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 12 Sayı: 4

Kaynak Göster

APA Bezcioğlu, M. (2023). Düşük maliyetli GNSS gözlemlerine dayalı gerçek-zamanlı hassas nokta konum belirleme (RT-PPP) tekniğinin performansının değerlendirilmesi ve çoklu-GNSS gözlemlerinin katkısı. Niğde Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 12(4), 1341-1350. https://doi.org/10.28948/ngumuh.1310577
AMA Bezcioğlu M. Düşük maliyetli GNSS gözlemlerine dayalı gerçek-zamanlı hassas nokta konum belirleme (RT-PPP) tekniğinin performansının değerlendirilmesi ve çoklu-GNSS gözlemlerinin katkısı. NÖHÜ Müh. Bilim. Derg. Ekim 2023;12(4):1341-1350. doi:10.28948/ngumuh.1310577
Chicago Bezcioğlu, Mert. “Düşük Maliyetli GNSS gözlemlerine Dayalı gerçek-Zamanlı Hassas Nokta Konum Belirleme (RT-PPP) tekniğinin performansının değerlendirilmesi Ve çoklu-GNSS gözlemlerinin katkısı”. Niğde Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi 12, sy. 4 (Ekim 2023): 1341-50. https://doi.org/10.28948/ngumuh.1310577.
EndNote Bezcioğlu M (01 Ekim 2023) Düşük maliyetli GNSS gözlemlerine dayalı gerçek-zamanlı hassas nokta konum belirleme (RT-PPP) tekniğinin performansının değerlendirilmesi ve çoklu-GNSS gözlemlerinin katkısı. Niğde Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi 12 4 1341–1350.
IEEE M. Bezcioğlu, “Düşük maliyetli GNSS gözlemlerine dayalı gerçek-zamanlı hassas nokta konum belirleme (RT-PPP) tekniğinin performansının değerlendirilmesi ve çoklu-GNSS gözlemlerinin katkısı”, NÖHÜ Müh. Bilim. Derg., c. 12, sy. 4, ss. 1341–1350, 2023, doi: 10.28948/ngumuh.1310577.
ISNAD Bezcioğlu, Mert. “Düşük Maliyetli GNSS gözlemlerine Dayalı gerçek-Zamanlı Hassas Nokta Konum Belirleme (RT-PPP) tekniğinin performansının değerlendirilmesi Ve çoklu-GNSS gözlemlerinin katkısı”. Niğde Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi 12/4 (Ekim 2023), 1341-1350. https://doi.org/10.28948/ngumuh.1310577.
JAMA Bezcioğlu M. Düşük maliyetli GNSS gözlemlerine dayalı gerçek-zamanlı hassas nokta konum belirleme (RT-PPP) tekniğinin performansının değerlendirilmesi ve çoklu-GNSS gözlemlerinin katkısı. NÖHÜ Müh. Bilim. Derg. 2023;12:1341–1350.
MLA Bezcioğlu, Mert. “Düşük Maliyetli GNSS gözlemlerine Dayalı gerçek-Zamanlı Hassas Nokta Konum Belirleme (RT-PPP) tekniğinin performansının değerlendirilmesi Ve çoklu-GNSS gözlemlerinin katkısı”. Niğde Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, c. 12, sy. 4, 2023, ss. 1341-50, doi:10.28948/ngumuh.1310577.
Vancouver Bezcioğlu M. Düşük maliyetli GNSS gözlemlerine dayalı gerçek-zamanlı hassas nokta konum belirleme (RT-PPP) tekniğinin performansının değerlendirilmesi ve çoklu-GNSS gözlemlerinin katkısı. NÖHÜ Müh. Bilim. Derg. 2023;12(4):1341-50.

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