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A Hidden Energy Source: Giant Reed (Arundo donax L.)

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 1, 167 - 178, 23.05.2021
https://doi.org/10.29048/makufebed.865925

Öz

Fossil-based fuels while supply the energy needs of the world, on the other hand release greenhouse gases, especially carbon dioxide, into the atmosphere. In the last quarter century, biomass energy has gained importance, particularly in direct combustion systems. The continuity of raw material is an important matter in biomass energy production. At this point, giant reed (Arundo donax L.), a perennial C3 plant that can be easily grown in different ecological conditions, has drawn considerable interest in various countries of the world, mainly in Southern Europe and Costa Rica. The calorific value of the giant reed, which can deliver up to 100 tons of biomass per hectare under suitable conditions, is between 17,200 – 20,600 kj/kg. In this study, the usability of the giant reed, this unable to exceed the local usage in our country, in combustion systems was examined in the light of the studies in the literature. This review had been compiled under three main frameworks as general properties and usage areas, chemical characterization, biomass amount and calorific value of the giant reed. Thus, it had been tried to form a technical basis for the industrial usage of giant reed in combustion systems.

Kaynakça

  • Accardi D.S., Russo P., Lauri R., Pietrangeli B., Di Palma L. (2015). From soil remediation to biofuel: process simulation of bioethanol production from arundo donax. Chemical Engineering Transactions 43: 2167-2172.
  • Altheimer, E., Wolcott, M. (1999). Arundo donax pulp, paper products, and particleboard. Alex-Alt Biomass, Inc (US) Patent WO 99/066119, Dec, 23, 1999.
  • Angelini, L.G, Ceccarini, L, Bonari, E. (2005). Biomass Yield and Energy Balance of Giant Reed (Arundo Donax L.) Cropped in Central Italy as Related to Different Management Practices. Europ. J. Agronomy 22: 375–38.
  • Angelini, L.G, Ceccarini, L, Di Nasso, N,N, Bonari, E. (2009). Comparison of Arundo Donax L. and Miscanthus x Giganteus in a Long-Term Field Experiment in Central Italy: Analysis Of Productive Characteristics And Energy Balance. Biomass and Bioenergy 33:635-43.
  • Arslan, M.B., Şahin, H.T. (2014). Alternatif Hammadde Kaynağı Olarak Kargı Kamışı (Arundo donax L.) Üzerine Bir İnceleme. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi 18 (3): 90-96.
  • Arslan, M.B. (2011). İklim Değişikliği ve Odun Enerjisi Kullanımı. Orman Mühendisliği 1,2,3: 37–42.
  • Arslan, M., Üremiş, İ., Şener, O., Bozkurt, S., Dağhan, H., 2012. Hatay İli Samandağ İlçesi Ney Kamışlıklarının Durumu ve Sürdürülebilirliği. Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi 17 (2): 87-96.
  • Bacher, W., Sauerbeck, G., Wagner, G.M., Bassam, N.E. (2001). Giant Reed (Arundo donax) Network, Improvement, Productivity and Biomass Quality. Final Report FAIR CT96-2028, Braunschweig, 72 p.
  • Bezirci, Z. (2007). Göller Bölgesi’nde Bitkisel Dokumacılık Ve Üretilen Hasır Dokumaların Bazı Özellikleri Üzerinde Bir Araştırma, Doktora Tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi, Ankara.
  • Bonanno, G., Cirelli, G.L., Toscano, A., Lo Giudice, R., Pavone, P. (2013). Heavy metal content in ash of energy crops growing in sewage-contaminated natural wetlands: Potential applications in agriculture and forestry? Sci Total Environ 452-453: 349–354.
  • Bruscaa, S., Cosentinob, S.L., Famosob, F., Lanzafameb, R., Maurob, S., Messinab, M., Scandura, P.F. (2018). Second generation bioethanol production from Arundo donax biomass: an optimization method. Energy Procedia 148: 728-735.
  • Caparròs S, Ariza J, Lòpez F, Dìaz MJ. (2007). Optimizing cellulosic paper obtained from Arundo donax L. under hydrothermal treatment. J Ind Eng Chem 13:465–73.
  • Cervelli, E., Pindozzi, S., Capolupo, A., Okello, C., Rigillo, M., Boccia, L. (2016). Ecosystem services and bioremediation of polluted areas. Ecol. Eng 87: 139-149.
  • Christou M, Mardikis, M., Alexopoulou, E. (2005). Biomass production from perennial crops in Greece. In: Proceedings of the 14th European conference and technology exhibition on biomass for energy, Industry and Climate Protection, 17–21 October, Paris.
  • Connor, M.A., Salazar, C.M. in Bridgewater, A.V., Knester J.L. (Eds.) (1988) Research in Thermochemical Biomass Conversion, Elsevier, London, pp. 164-178.
  • Corno, L., Pilu, R., Adani, F. (2014). Arundo donax L. A non-food crop for bioenergy and bio-compound production, Biotechnology Advances 32(8): 1535-1549.
  • Cosentino, S.L., Copani, V., D’Agosta, G.M., Sanzone, E., Mantineo, M. (2006). First results on evaluation of Arundo donax L. clones collected in Southern Italy. Ind Crop Prod 23:212-222.
  • Cristaldi, A., Conti, G.O., Jho, E.H., Zuccarello, P., Grasso, A., Copat, C., Ferrante, M. (2017). Phytoremediation of contaminated soils by heavy metals and PAHs. A brief review. Environ. Technol. Innov., 8: 309-326.
  • Ferrandez-García, M.T., Ferrandez-Garcia, A., Garcia-Ortuño, T., Ferrandez-Garcia, C.E., Ferrandez-Villena, M. (2020). Assessment of the Physical, Mechanical and Acoustic Properties of Arundo donax L. Biomass in Low Pressure and Temperature Particleboards. Polymers 12: 1361.
  • Fiore, V., Scalici, T., Valenza, A. (2014). Characterization ofanewnaturalfiberfrom Arundo donax L. as potential reinforcementofpolymercomposites, CarbohydratePolymers 106: 77–83.
  • Franscisco L, Carlos GJ, Antonio P, Javier FM, Minerva AMZ, Gil G. (2010). Chemical and energetic characterization of species with a high-biomass production: Fractionation of their components. Environmental Progress and Sustainable Energy 29:499-509.
  • Galletti, A.M.R., D’Alessio, A., Licursi, D., Antonetti, C., Valentini, G., Galia, A., Nicoletta Nassi o Di Nasso, N. (2015). Midinfrared FT-IR as a Tool for Monitoring Herbaceous Biomass Composition and Its Conversion to Furfural. Journal of Spectroscopy 15: 1-12.
  • Ghalehno, M.D., Madhoushi, M., Tabarsa, T., Nazerian, M. (2011). The Manufacture of Particleboards Using Mixture of Reed (Surface Layer) and Commercial Species (Middle Layer). Eur. J. Wood Prod. 69: 341-344. Ghaly, A.E., Ergudenler, A. (1991). Thermal degradation of cereal straws in air and nitrogen. Journal of Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 27: 111–126.
  • Giessow, J., Casanova, J., Lecler, R., MacArthur, R., Fleming, G. (2011). Arundo donax - Distribution and impact report. California Invasive Plant Council.
  • Gordon, D.R., Tancig, K.J., Onderdonk, D.A., Gantz, C.A. (2011). Assessing the Invasive Potential of Species Proposed for Florida and the United States Using the Australian Weed Risk Assessment. Biomass Bioenergy 35:74-79.
  • Guarrera, P.M. (2008). Handicrafts, Handlooms and Dye Plants in Italian Folks Tradition. Indian J. Tradit. Knowl. 7: 67-69. Gücel S. (2010). Arundo donax L. (Giant reed) Use by Turkish Cypriots. Ethnobotany Res. Appl. 8: 245-248.
  • Güneş, K., Saygin, Ö. (1996). Productivity of the Energy Crops: Giant Reed and Sweet Sorghum in Turkey. Fresen Environ Bull 5: 756–761.
  • Hidalgo M, Fernandez J. (2000). Biomass Production of Ten Populations of Giant Reed (Arundo donax L.) Under the Environmental Conditions of Madrid (Spain). Biomass for Energy and Industry: Proceeding of the First World Conference, Sevilla, Spain. London: James & James (Science Publishers) Ltd., p. 1881–1884.
  • Jaradat, A.A. (2010). Genetic resources of energy crops: Biological system to combat climate change. Aust J Crop Sci 4: 309-323.
  • Jauhiainen, J., Conesa, J.A., Font, R., Martín-Gullón, I. (2004). Kinetics of the pyrolysis and combustion of olive oil solid waste. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol 72: 9-15.
  • Jeguirim, M., Dorge, S., Trouvé, G. (2010). Thermogravimetric analysis and characteristics of two energy crops in air atmosphere: Arundo donax and Miscanthus giganteus. Bioresource Technol 101:788-793.
  • Jeguirim, M., Trouvé, G. (2009). Pyrolysis characteristics and kinetics of Arundo donax using thermogravimetric analysis, Bioresource Technology 100: 4026–4031.
  • Koca, F. (2002). Ney'in Tarihi Gelişimi ve Dini Musikimizdeki Yeri. Dini Araştırmalar 4: 181-96.
  • Komolwanich T, Tatijarern P, Prasertwasu T, Khumsupan D, Chaisuwan T, Luengnaruemitchai A, Wongkasemjit., S. (2014). Comparative potential of Kans grass (Saccharum spontaneum) and Giant reed (Arundo donax) as lignocellulosic feedstocks for the release of monomeric sugars by microwave/chemical pretreatment. Cellulose 21:1327-1340.
  • Lewandowski, I., Scurlock J.M.O, Lindvall E, Christou M. (2003). The Development and Current Status of Perennial Rhizomatous Grasses As Energy Crops in the US and Europe. Biomass and Bioenergy 25: 335-361.
  • Mantineo, M., D’Agosta G.M., Copani, V., Patane, C., Cosentino, S.L. (2009). Biomass Yield and Energy Balance of Three Perennial Crops for Energy Use in The Semi-Arid Mediterranean Environment. Field Crops Research 114: 204–13.
  • Nassi o Di Nasso N, Roncucci N, Bonari E. (2013). Seasonal dynamics of aboveground and belowground biomass and nutrient accumulation and remobilization in Giant Reed (Arundo donax L.): A threeyear study on marginal land. Bioenerg Res 6: 725-736.
  • Neto, C. P., Seca, A., Nunes, A.M., Coimbra, M.A., Domingues, F., Evtuguin, D., Silvestre, A., Cavaleiro, J.A.S. (1997). Variations in Chemical Composition and Structure of Macromolecular Components in Different Morphological Regions and Maturity Stages of Arundo donax. Industrial Crops and Products 6: 51-58.
  • Odero, D., Robert, R., Ferrell, J., Helsel, Z. (2011). Production of Giant Reed for Biofuel. Agronomy Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, University of Florida, , SS AGR-318. Original publication date November 2008. Revised November, p, 4.
  • Ortunõ, T.G., Rodrígues, J.A., García, M.T.F., Villena, M.F., García, C.E.F. (2011). Evaluation of the Physical An Mechanical Properties of Particleboard Made from Giant Reed (Arundo donax L.). BioResources 6: 477-486.
  • Perdue, R.E. (1958). Arundo donax—Source of Musical Reeds and Industrial Cellulose. Economic Botany 12: 368-404. Pilu, R., Manca, A., Landoni, M. (2013).. Arundo donax As an Energy Crop: Pros and Cons of the Utilization of This Perennial Plant. Maydica 58: 54-59.
  • Quinn, L.D., Holt, J.S. (2008). Ecological Correlates of Invasion by Arundo donax in Three Southern California Riparian Habitats. Biol Invasions 10: 591-601.
  • Ragaglini G, Dragoni F, Simone M, Bonari E. (2014). Suitability of giant reed (Arundo donax) for anaerobic digestion: Effect of harvest time and frequency on biomethane yield potential. Bioresource Technol 152:107-115.
  • Rabemanolontsoa, H., Saka, S. (2013). Comparative study on chemical composition of various biomass species. RSC Advances 3:3946-3956.
  • Ramos, D., Salvadó, J., and Fernando, F. (2017). High mechanical performance boards made from fibers of Arundo donax without added adhesives. BioResources. 12(3): 5383-5394.
  • Ruan Z, Zanotti M, Zhong Y, Liao W, Ducey C, Liu Y. (2013). Co-Hydrolysis of Lignocellulosic Biomass Microbial Lipid Accumulation. Biotechnol Bioeng 110:1039-1049.
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  • Shatalov, A.A, Pereira, H. (2000). Arundo donax L. (Giant Reed) as a Source of Fibres for Paper Industry: Perspectives for Modern Ecologically Friendly Pulping Technologies. Biomass for Energy and Industry: Proceeding of the First World Conference, Sevilla, Spain. London: James & James (Science Publishers) Ltd., p. 1183–1186.
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  • Shatalov, A.A., Pereira, H. (2013). High-Grade Sulfur-Free Cellulose Fibers by Pre-Hydrolysis and Ethanol-Alkali Delignification of Giant Reed (Arundo donax L.) Stems. Industrial Crops and Products, 43: 623-630.
  • Shatalov, A.A., Quilhó, T., Pereira, H. (2001). Arundo Donax L. Reed: New Perspectives for Pulping and Bleaching 1. Raw Material Characterization. TAPPI J. 84(1): 1–12.
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Gizli Kalmış Bir Enerji Kaynağı: Kargı Kamışı (Arundo donax L.)

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 1, 167 - 178, 23.05.2021
https://doi.org/10.29048/makufebed.865925

Öz

Fosil esaslı yakıtlar dünyanın enerji ihtiyacını karşılamakla birlikte atmosfere başta karbondioksit olmak üzere sera etkisi yapan gazlar salmaktadır. Son çeyrek asıra gelindiğinde, özellikle doğrudan yakma sistemlerinde biyokütle enerjisinin önem kazandığı görülmektedir. Biyokütle enerji üretiminde hammadde sürekliliği mühim bir husustur. Bu noktada farklı ekolojik koşullarda rahatça yetişebilen çok yıllık bir C3 bitkisi olan kargı kamışı (Arundo donax L.) başta Güney Avrupa ve Kosta Rika olmak üzere dünyanın çeşitli ülkelerinde büyük ilgi çekmektedir. Uygun koşullarda hektarda 100 tona kadar biyokütle verebilen kargı kamışının ısıl değeri de 17.200 – 20.600 kj/kg arasıdır. Bu çalışmada ülkemizde yöresel kullanımın ötesine geçemeyen kargı kamışının doğrudan yakma sisteminde kullanılabilirliği literatürdeki çalışmalar ışığında mercek altına alınmıştır. Bu inceleme ile; kargı kamışının genel özellikleri ve kullanım alanları, kimyasal karakterizasyonu, biyokütle miktarı ve ısıl değeri olmak üzere üç ana çerçevede derlenerek, kargı kamışının doğrudan yakma sistemlerinde kullanımının endüstriye aktarılmasına teknik altlık oluşturulmaya çalışılmıştır.

Kaynakça

  • Accardi D.S., Russo P., Lauri R., Pietrangeli B., Di Palma L. (2015). From soil remediation to biofuel: process simulation of bioethanol production from arundo donax. Chemical Engineering Transactions 43: 2167-2172.
  • Altheimer, E., Wolcott, M. (1999). Arundo donax pulp, paper products, and particleboard. Alex-Alt Biomass, Inc (US) Patent WO 99/066119, Dec, 23, 1999.
  • Angelini, L.G, Ceccarini, L, Bonari, E. (2005). Biomass Yield and Energy Balance of Giant Reed (Arundo Donax L.) Cropped in Central Italy as Related to Different Management Practices. Europ. J. Agronomy 22: 375–38.
  • Angelini, L.G, Ceccarini, L, Di Nasso, N,N, Bonari, E. (2009). Comparison of Arundo Donax L. and Miscanthus x Giganteus in a Long-Term Field Experiment in Central Italy: Analysis Of Productive Characteristics And Energy Balance. Biomass and Bioenergy 33:635-43.
  • Arslan, M.B., Şahin, H.T. (2014). Alternatif Hammadde Kaynağı Olarak Kargı Kamışı (Arundo donax L.) Üzerine Bir İnceleme. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi 18 (3): 90-96.
  • Arslan, M.B. (2011). İklim Değişikliği ve Odun Enerjisi Kullanımı. Orman Mühendisliği 1,2,3: 37–42.
  • Arslan, M., Üremiş, İ., Şener, O., Bozkurt, S., Dağhan, H., 2012. Hatay İli Samandağ İlçesi Ney Kamışlıklarının Durumu ve Sürdürülebilirliği. Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi 17 (2): 87-96.
  • Bacher, W., Sauerbeck, G., Wagner, G.M., Bassam, N.E. (2001). Giant Reed (Arundo donax) Network, Improvement, Productivity and Biomass Quality. Final Report FAIR CT96-2028, Braunschweig, 72 p.
  • Bezirci, Z. (2007). Göller Bölgesi’nde Bitkisel Dokumacılık Ve Üretilen Hasır Dokumaların Bazı Özellikleri Üzerinde Bir Araştırma, Doktora Tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi, Ankara.
  • Bonanno, G., Cirelli, G.L., Toscano, A., Lo Giudice, R., Pavone, P. (2013). Heavy metal content in ash of energy crops growing in sewage-contaminated natural wetlands: Potential applications in agriculture and forestry? Sci Total Environ 452-453: 349–354.
  • Bruscaa, S., Cosentinob, S.L., Famosob, F., Lanzafameb, R., Maurob, S., Messinab, M., Scandura, P.F. (2018). Second generation bioethanol production from Arundo donax biomass: an optimization method. Energy Procedia 148: 728-735.
  • Caparròs S, Ariza J, Lòpez F, Dìaz MJ. (2007). Optimizing cellulosic paper obtained from Arundo donax L. under hydrothermal treatment. J Ind Eng Chem 13:465–73.
  • Cervelli, E., Pindozzi, S., Capolupo, A., Okello, C., Rigillo, M., Boccia, L. (2016). Ecosystem services and bioremediation of polluted areas. Ecol. Eng 87: 139-149.
  • Christou M, Mardikis, M., Alexopoulou, E. (2005). Biomass production from perennial crops in Greece. In: Proceedings of the 14th European conference and technology exhibition on biomass for energy, Industry and Climate Protection, 17–21 October, Paris.
  • Connor, M.A., Salazar, C.M. in Bridgewater, A.V., Knester J.L. (Eds.) (1988) Research in Thermochemical Biomass Conversion, Elsevier, London, pp. 164-178.
  • Corno, L., Pilu, R., Adani, F. (2014). Arundo donax L. A non-food crop for bioenergy and bio-compound production, Biotechnology Advances 32(8): 1535-1549.
  • Cosentino, S.L., Copani, V., D’Agosta, G.M., Sanzone, E., Mantineo, M. (2006). First results on evaluation of Arundo donax L. clones collected in Southern Italy. Ind Crop Prod 23:212-222.
  • Cristaldi, A., Conti, G.O., Jho, E.H., Zuccarello, P., Grasso, A., Copat, C., Ferrante, M. (2017). Phytoremediation of contaminated soils by heavy metals and PAHs. A brief review. Environ. Technol. Innov., 8: 309-326.
  • Ferrandez-García, M.T., Ferrandez-Garcia, A., Garcia-Ortuño, T., Ferrandez-Garcia, C.E., Ferrandez-Villena, M. (2020). Assessment of the Physical, Mechanical and Acoustic Properties of Arundo donax L. Biomass in Low Pressure and Temperature Particleboards. Polymers 12: 1361.
  • Fiore, V., Scalici, T., Valenza, A. (2014). Characterization ofanewnaturalfiberfrom Arundo donax L. as potential reinforcementofpolymercomposites, CarbohydratePolymers 106: 77–83.
  • Franscisco L, Carlos GJ, Antonio P, Javier FM, Minerva AMZ, Gil G. (2010). Chemical and energetic characterization of species with a high-biomass production: Fractionation of their components. Environmental Progress and Sustainable Energy 29:499-509.
  • Galletti, A.M.R., D’Alessio, A., Licursi, D., Antonetti, C., Valentini, G., Galia, A., Nicoletta Nassi o Di Nasso, N. (2015). Midinfrared FT-IR as a Tool for Monitoring Herbaceous Biomass Composition and Its Conversion to Furfural. Journal of Spectroscopy 15: 1-12.
  • Ghalehno, M.D., Madhoushi, M., Tabarsa, T., Nazerian, M. (2011). The Manufacture of Particleboards Using Mixture of Reed (Surface Layer) and Commercial Species (Middle Layer). Eur. J. Wood Prod. 69: 341-344. Ghaly, A.E., Ergudenler, A. (1991). Thermal degradation of cereal straws in air and nitrogen. Journal of Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 27: 111–126.
  • Giessow, J., Casanova, J., Lecler, R., MacArthur, R., Fleming, G. (2011). Arundo donax - Distribution and impact report. California Invasive Plant Council.
  • Gordon, D.R., Tancig, K.J., Onderdonk, D.A., Gantz, C.A. (2011). Assessing the Invasive Potential of Species Proposed for Florida and the United States Using the Australian Weed Risk Assessment. Biomass Bioenergy 35:74-79.
  • Guarrera, P.M. (2008). Handicrafts, Handlooms and Dye Plants in Italian Folks Tradition. Indian J. Tradit. Knowl. 7: 67-69. Gücel S. (2010). Arundo donax L. (Giant reed) Use by Turkish Cypriots. Ethnobotany Res. Appl. 8: 245-248.
  • Güneş, K., Saygin, Ö. (1996). Productivity of the Energy Crops: Giant Reed and Sweet Sorghum in Turkey. Fresen Environ Bull 5: 756–761.
  • Hidalgo M, Fernandez J. (2000). Biomass Production of Ten Populations of Giant Reed (Arundo donax L.) Under the Environmental Conditions of Madrid (Spain). Biomass for Energy and Industry: Proceeding of the First World Conference, Sevilla, Spain. London: James & James (Science Publishers) Ltd., p. 1881–1884.
  • Jaradat, A.A. (2010). Genetic resources of energy crops: Biological system to combat climate change. Aust J Crop Sci 4: 309-323.
  • Jauhiainen, J., Conesa, J.A., Font, R., Martín-Gullón, I. (2004). Kinetics of the pyrolysis and combustion of olive oil solid waste. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol 72: 9-15.
  • Jeguirim, M., Dorge, S., Trouvé, G. (2010). Thermogravimetric analysis and characteristics of two energy crops in air atmosphere: Arundo donax and Miscanthus giganteus. Bioresource Technol 101:788-793.
  • Jeguirim, M., Trouvé, G. (2009). Pyrolysis characteristics and kinetics of Arundo donax using thermogravimetric analysis, Bioresource Technology 100: 4026–4031.
  • Koca, F. (2002). Ney'in Tarihi Gelişimi ve Dini Musikimizdeki Yeri. Dini Araştırmalar 4: 181-96.
  • Komolwanich T, Tatijarern P, Prasertwasu T, Khumsupan D, Chaisuwan T, Luengnaruemitchai A, Wongkasemjit., S. (2014). Comparative potential of Kans grass (Saccharum spontaneum) and Giant reed (Arundo donax) as lignocellulosic feedstocks for the release of monomeric sugars by microwave/chemical pretreatment. Cellulose 21:1327-1340.
  • Lewandowski, I., Scurlock J.M.O, Lindvall E, Christou M. (2003). The Development and Current Status of Perennial Rhizomatous Grasses As Energy Crops in the US and Europe. Biomass and Bioenergy 25: 335-361.
  • Mantineo, M., D’Agosta G.M., Copani, V., Patane, C., Cosentino, S.L. (2009). Biomass Yield and Energy Balance of Three Perennial Crops for Energy Use in The Semi-Arid Mediterranean Environment. Field Crops Research 114: 204–13.
  • Nassi o Di Nasso N, Roncucci N, Bonari E. (2013). Seasonal dynamics of aboveground and belowground biomass and nutrient accumulation and remobilization in Giant Reed (Arundo donax L.): A threeyear study on marginal land. Bioenerg Res 6: 725-736.
  • Neto, C. P., Seca, A., Nunes, A.M., Coimbra, M.A., Domingues, F., Evtuguin, D., Silvestre, A., Cavaleiro, J.A.S. (1997). Variations in Chemical Composition and Structure of Macromolecular Components in Different Morphological Regions and Maturity Stages of Arundo donax. Industrial Crops and Products 6: 51-58.
  • Odero, D., Robert, R., Ferrell, J., Helsel, Z. (2011). Production of Giant Reed for Biofuel. Agronomy Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, University of Florida, , SS AGR-318. Original publication date November 2008. Revised November, p, 4.
  • Ortunõ, T.G., Rodrígues, J.A., García, M.T.F., Villena, M.F., García, C.E.F. (2011). Evaluation of the Physical An Mechanical Properties of Particleboard Made from Giant Reed (Arundo donax L.). BioResources 6: 477-486.
  • Perdue, R.E. (1958). Arundo donax—Source of Musical Reeds and Industrial Cellulose. Economic Botany 12: 368-404. Pilu, R., Manca, A., Landoni, M. (2013).. Arundo donax As an Energy Crop: Pros and Cons of the Utilization of This Perennial Plant. Maydica 58: 54-59.
  • Quinn, L.D., Holt, J.S. (2008). Ecological Correlates of Invasion by Arundo donax in Three Southern California Riparian Habitats. Biol Invasions 10: 591-601.
  • Ragaglini G, Dragoni F, Simone M, Bonari E. (2014). Suitability of giant reed (Arundo donax) for anaerobic digestion: Effect of harvest time and frequency on biomethane yield potential. Bioresource Technol 152:107-115.
  • Rabemanolontsoa, H., Saka, S. (2013). Comparative study on chemical composition of various biomass species. RSC Advances 3:3946-3956.
  • Ramos, D., Salvadó, J., and Fernando, F. (2017). High mechanical performance boards made from fibers of Arundo donax without added adhesives. BioResources. 12(3): 5383-5394.
  • Ruan Z, Zanotti M, Zhong Y, Liao W, Ducey C, Liu Y. (2013). Co-Hydrolysis of Lignocellulosic Biomass Microbial Lipid Accumulation. Biotechnol Bioeng 110:1039-1049.
  • Salazar-Zeledon, E., Moya-Roque, R., Valaert, J. (2015). Biomass and Bioenergy Production of Arundo donax L., Pennisetum purpureum Schum. And Pennisetum purpureum Schumack. X Pennisetum glaucum L. in Short Rotation Cropping System in Costa Rica. Journal of Biobased and Bioenergy 9: 1-8.
  • Schievano, A., D’Imporzano, G., Orzi, V., Colombo, G., Maggiore. T., Adani, F. (2015). Biogas from dedicated energy crops in Northern Italy: electric energy generation costs. GCB Bioenerg 7:899-908.
  • Shatalov, A.A, Pereira, H. (2000). Arundo donax L. (Giant Reed) as a Source of Fibres for Paper Industry: Perspectives for Modern Ecologically Friendly Pulping Technologies. Biomass for Energy and Industry: Proceeding of the First World Conference, Sevilla, Spain. London: James & James (Science Publishers) Ltd., p. 1183–1186.
  • Shatalov, A.A., Pereira, H. (2001). Arundo donax L. Reed—New Perspectives for Pulping and Bleaching. 2. Organosolv Delignification. TAPPI J. 84(11): 1–14.
  • Shatalov, A.A., Pereira, H. (2013). High-Grade Sulfur-Free Cellulose Fibers by Pre-Hydrolysis and Ethanol-Alkali Delignification of Giant Reed (Arundo donax L.) Stems. Industrial Crops and Products, 43: 623-630.
  • Shatalov, A.A., Quilhó, T., Pereira, H. (2001). Arundo Donax L. Reed: New Perspectives for Pulping and Bleaching 1. Raw Material Characterization. TAPPI J. 84(1): 1–12.
  • Soyak, A. (2009). Aşağı Seyhan Ovası Sulama Sistemlerindeki Yabancı Otlanma ve Yabancı Ot Türleri İle Üzerindeki Doğal Düşmanların Saptanması, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Çukurova Üniversitesi, Adana.
  • Spencer, D.F., Liow, P.S., Chan, W.K., Ksander, G.G., Getsinger, K.D. (2006). Estimating Arundo donax shoot biomass. Aquat Bot 84:272-276.
  • Tenorio, C., Moya, R., Tomazello Filho, M., Valaert, J. (2015). Quality of pellets made from agricultural and forestry crops in Costa Rican tropical climates. BioResources 10(1): 482-498.
  • Ververis, C., Georghiou, K., Christodoulakis, N., Santas, P., Santas, R. (2004). Fiber Dimensions, Lignin and Cellulose Content of Various Plant Materials and Their Suitability for Paper Production. Industrial Crops and Products 19: 245-254.
  • Williams, C.M.J,, Biswas, T,K,, Schrale. G,, Virtue, J.G., Heading, S. (2008). Use of saline land and wastewater for growing a potential biofuel crop (Arundo donax L.). Proceedings of Irrigation Australia Conference, May 20-22, Melbourne
Toplam 57 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Derleme Makale
Yazarlar

Mustafa Burak Arslan 0000-0002-3914-5763

Sıla Gümüştaş 0000-0001-8538-2084

Arzu Yucel 0000-0002-6982-947X

Yayımlanma Tarihi 23 Mayıs 2021
Kabul Tarihi 13 Nisan 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 12 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Arslan, M. B., Gümüştaş, S., & Yucel, A. (2021). Gizli Kalmış Bir Enerji Kaynağı: Kargı Kamışı (Arundo donax L.). Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 12(1), 167-178. https://doi.org/10.29048/makufebed.865925