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Investigation of Factors Related to Critical Lures Affecting False Memories within the Framework of Activation-Monitoring Theory and Fuzzy Trace Theory

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 1 Sayı: 1, 25 - 33, 31.12.2023

Emre Erol Çekdar Aytimur

https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10449610

Öz

Memory, which plays many important roles in daily life, has been the focus of attention of researchers in different disciplines throughout the history. One of these disciplines is cognitive psychology. Studies in this field have shown that memory is not a recording device that records any stimulus we encounter as it is and that it can exhibit errors. This situation, which is called false memory in the literature, is defined as remembering a memory that has never happened as if it has happened or remembering a memory that has actually happened in a different way. Considering the legal processes that lead to irreversible consequences when false memories occur, this issue attracts the attention of researchers. False memories are examined by different methods and one of the most frequently used methods is the Deese-Roediger-McDermott paradigm. In the studies using the DRM paradigm, some factors related to critical lures in DRM lists were found to be effective on false memories. These factors are: Word frequency, word length, concreteness, imagery, emotional valence, arousal and backward association strength. The aim of the present study is to examine the results obtained in the literature regarding these factors within the framework of Fuzzy Trace Theory and Activation-Monitoring Theory. As a result of the current review, it is understood that there are contradictory findings in the studies in the literature and the most important situation in the emergence of these contradictions is that the factors are not adequately controlled. In addition, it is thought that the lack of adequate control of these factors makes it difficult to make explanations in the context of the theories.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Memory False Memory Critical Lures

Kaynakça

  • Beato, M. S. ve Arndt, J. (2017). The role of backward associative strength in false recognition of DRM lists with multiple critical words. Psicothema, 29(3), 358-363.
  • Bhatarah, P., Ward, G., Smith, J. ve Hayes, L. (2009). Examining the relationship between free recall and immediate serial recall: Similar patterns of rehearsal and similar effects of word length, presentation rate, and articulatory suppression. Memory & Cognition, 37, 689-713.
  • Bookbinder, S. H. ve Brainerd, C. J. (2016). Emotion and false memory: The context–content paradox. Psychological Bulletin, 142(12), 1315.
  • Brainerd, C. J., Stein, L. M., Silveira, R. A., Rohenkohl, G. ve Reyna, V. F. (2008). How does negative emotion cause false memories?. Psychological science, 19(9), 919-925.
  • Brainerd, C. J., Holliday, R. E., Reyna, V. F., Yang, Y. ve Toglia, M. P. (2010). Developmental reversals in false memory: Effects of emotional valence and arousal. Journal of experimental child psychology, 107(2), 137-154.
  • Budson, A. E., Todman, R. W., Chong, H., Adams, E. H., Kensinger, E. A., Krangel, T. S. ve Wright, C. I. (2006). False recognition of emotional word lists in aging and Alzheimer disease. Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology, 19(2), 71-78.
  • Campoy, G. (2008). The effect of word length in short-term memory: Is rehearsal necessary?. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 61(5), 724-734.
  • Dehon, H., Larøi, F. ve Van der Linden, M. (2010). Affective valence influences participant's susceptibility to false memories and illusory recollection. Emotion, 10(5), 627.
  • Dewhurst, S. A., Anderson, R. J. ve Knott, L. M. (2012). A gender difference in the false recall of negative words: Women DRM more than men. Cognition & emotion, 26(1), 65-74.
  • Erol, E. (2021). Duygusal Değerliğin ve Cinsiyetin Bellek Yanılgısı Üzerindeki Etkisi (Doctoral dissertation, Bursa Uludag University (Turkey)).
  • Foley, M. A., Wozniak, K. H. ve Gillum, A. (2006). Imagination and false memory inductions: Investigating the role of process, content and source of imaginations. Applied Cognitive Psychology: The Official Journal of the Society for Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 20(9), 1119-1141.
  • Glanzer, M. ve Adams, J. K. (1990). The mirror effect in recognition memory: Data and theory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 16(1), 5.
  • Glanzer, M. ve Adams, J. K. (1985). The mirror effect in recognition memory. Memory & cognition, 13, 8-20.
  • Göz, İ. (2001). Nadir Kelimelerde Fiziksel Kod Anlam Koduna Baskin midir? [Is physical coding stronger than semantic coding in rare words?]. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 16(48), 1–12.
  • Göz, İ. (2005). Word frequency effect in false memories. Psychological reports, 96(3_suppl), 1095-1112E.
  • Hellenthal, M. V., Knott, L. M., Howe, M. L., Wilkinson, S. ve Shah, D. (2019). The effects of arousal and attention on emotional false memory formation. Journal of Memory and Language, 107, 54-68.
  • Hirshman, E. ve Arndt, J. (1997). Discriminating alternative conceptions of false recognition: The cases of word concreteness and word frequency. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 23(6), 1306.
  • Howe, M. L., Candel, I., Otgaar, H., Malone, C. ve Wimmer, M. C. (2010). Valence and the development of immediate and long-term false memory illusions. Memory, 18(1), 58-75.
  • Hulme, C., Suprenant, A. M., Bireta, T. J., Stuart, G. ve Neath, I. (2004). Abolishing the word-length effect. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 30(1), 98.
  • Jalbert, A., Neath, I., Bireta, T. J. ve Surprenant, A. M. (2011). When does length cause the word length effect?. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 37(2), 338.
  • Johnston, R. A. ve Barry, C. (2006). Age of acquisition and lexical processing. Visual cognition, 13(7-8), 789-845.
  • Kapucu, A., Kılıç, A., Özkılıç, Y. ve Sarıbaz, B. (2021). Turkish emotional word norms for arousal, valence, and discrete emotion categories. Psychological reports, 124(1), 188-209.
  • Kensinger, E. A. ve Corkin, S. (2004). Two routes to emotional memory: Distinct neural processes for valence and arousal. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 101(9), 3310-3315.
  • Knott, L. M., Howe, M. L., Toffalini, E., Shah, D. ve Humphreys, L. (2018). The role of attention in immediate emotional false memory enhancement. Emotion, 18(8), 1063.
  • Madigan, S. ve Neuse, J. (2004). False recognition and word length: A reanalysis of Roediger, Watson, McDermott, and Gallo (2001) and some new data. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 11, 567-573.
  • Marche, T. A., Brainerd, C. J. ve Reyna, V. F. (2010). Distinguishing true from false memories in forensic contexts: Can phenomenology tell us what is real?. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 24(8), 1168-1182.
  • Marín-Gutiérrez, A., Díez Villoria, E. ve González, A. M. (2023). The concreteness effect from memory illusions' perspective: the DIM-HA effect. bioRxiv, 2023-07.
  • Mneimne, M., Powers, A. S., Walton, K. E., Kosson, D. S., Fonda, S. ve Simonetti, J. (2010). Emotional valence and arousal effects on memory and hemispheric asymmetries. Brain and cognition, 74(1), 10-17.
  • Ochsner, K. N. (2000). Are affective events richly recollected or simply familiar? The experience and process of recognizing feelings past. Journal of experimental psychology: general, 129(2), 242.
  • Oliver, M. C., Bays, R. B. ve Zabrucky, K. M. (2016). False memories and the DRM paradigm: Effects of imagery, list, and test type. The Journal of General Psychology, 143(1), 33-48.
  • Otgaar, H., Candel, I. ve Merckelbach, H. (2008). Children’s false memories: Easier to elicit for a negative than for a neutral event. Acta Psychologica, 128(2), 350-354.
  • Palmer, J. E. ve Dodson, C. S. (2009). Investigating the mechanisms fuelling reduced false recall of emotional material. Cognition and Emotion, 23(2), 238-259.
  • Payne, D. G., Elie, C. J., Blackwell, J. M. ve Neuschatz, J. S. (1996). Memory illusions: Recalling, recognizing, and recollecting events that never occurred. Journal of Memory and Language, 35(2), 261-285.
  • Pérez-Mata, M. N., Read, J. D. ve Diges, M. (2002). Effects of divided attention and word concreteness on correct recall and false memory reports. Memory, 10(3), 161-177.
  • Reyna, V. F. ve Brainerd, C. J. (1995). Fuzzy-trace theory: An interim synthesis. Learning and individual Differences, 7(1), 1-75.
  • Richardson, J. T. (1975). Imagery, concreteness, and lexical complexity. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 27(2), 211-223.
  • Robin, F., Ménétrier, E. ve Beffara Bret, B. (2022). Effects of visual imagery on false memories in DRM and misinformation paradigms. Memory, 30(6), 725-732.
  • Roediger III, H. L., Balota, D. A. ve Watson, J. M. (2001). Spreading activation and arousal of false memories.
  • Roediger, H. L. ve McDermott, K. B. (1995). Creating false memories: Remembering words not presented in lists. Journal of experimental psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 21(4), 803.
  • Roediger III, H. L., McDermott, K. B. ve Pisoni, D. B. (2001). Recollection of illusory voices. Manuscript submitted for publication.
  • Russo, R. ve Grammatopoulou, N. (2003). Word length and articulatory suppression affect short-term and long-term recall tasks. Memory & Cognition, 31, 728-737.
  • Sharkawy, J. E., Groth, K., Vetter, C., Beraldi, A. ve Fast, K. (2008). False memories of emotional and neutral words. Behavioural Neurology, 19(1-2), 7-11.
  • Sherman, S. M. ve Jordan, T. R. (2011). Word‐frequency effects in long‐term semantic priming and false memory. British Journal of Psychology, 102(3), 559-568.
  • Steinmetz, K. R. M., Addis, D. R. ve Kensinger, E. A. (2010). The effect of arousal on the emotional memory network depends on valence. Neuroimage, 53(1), 318-324.
  • Tehan, G. ve Tolan, G. A. (2007). Word length effects in long-term memory. Journal of Memory and Language, 56(1), 35-48.
  • Tekcan, A. İ. ve Göz, İ. (2005). Türkçe kelime normları: 600 kelimenin imgelem, somutluk, sıklık değerleri ve çağrışım setleri (No. 849). Boğaziçi Üniversitesi.
  • Tulving, E. (1985). Memory and consciousness. Canadian Psychology/Psychologie canadienne, 26(1), 1.
  • Yonelinas, A. P. (2002). The nature of recollection and familiarity: A review of 30 years of research. Journal of memory and language, 46(3), 441-517.
  • Zhang, W. (2018). The Effect of Emotion on False Memories in The Deese-Roediger-Mcdermott (DRM) Paradigm, University Of Otago, (Doktora Tezi), Otago, 2018.

Bellek Yanılmalarını Etkileyen Kritik Çeldiricilere İlişkin Faktörlerin Aktivasyon-İzleme Teorisi ve Bulanık İz Teorisi Çerçevesinde İncelenmesi

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 1 Sayı: 1, 25 - 33, 31.12.2023

Emre Erol Çekdar Aytimur

https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10449610

Öz

Günlük yaşamda pek çok önemli rol üstlenen bellek, tarih boyunca farklı disiplinlerdeki araştırmacıların ilgi odağı olmuştur. Bu disiplinlerden birisi de bilişsel psikolojidir. Bu alanda yapılan çalışmalar, belleğin karşılaştığımız herhangi bir uyaranı olduğu gibi kaydeden bir kayıt cihazı olmadığını ve yanılmalar sergileyebileceğini göstermiştir. Alanyazında bellek yanılması olarak isimlendirilen bu durum hiç yaşanmamış bir anının yaşanmış gibi ya da gerçekten yaşanmış bir anının olduğundan farklı şekilde hatırlanması olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Bellek yanılmalarının ortaya çıkınca geri dönüşü olmayan sonuçlara yol açtığı hukuki süreçler dikkate alındığında bu konu araştırmacıların özellikle dikkatini çekmektedir. Bellek yanılmaları farklı yöntemlerle incelenmekte olup en sık başvurulan yöntemlerden biri Deese-Roediger-McDermott paradigmasıdır. DRM paradigmasının kullanıldığı çalışmalarda DRM listelerinde bulunan kritik çeldiricilere ait bazı faktörlerin bellek yanılmaları üzerinde etkili olduğu saptanmıştır. Bu faktörler şunlardır: Kelime sıklığı, kelime uzunluğu, somutluk, imgelem, duygusal değerlik, uyarılma ve geriye dönük çağrışım gücü. Mevcut çalışmanın amacı, alanyazındaki araştırmalarda bu faktörlere ilişkin elde edilen sonuçları Bulanık İz Teorisi ve Aktivasyon-İzleme Teorisi çerçevesinde incelemektir. Mevcut derleme sonucunda, alanyazındaki çalışmalarda çelişkili bulguların olduğu ve bu çelişkilerin ortaya çıkmasındaki en önemli durumun, faktörlerin yeterli düzeyde kontrol edilmemesinden kaynaklandığı anlaşılmıştır. Ayrıca bu faktörlerin yeterli düzeyde kontrol edilmemesinin, teoriler bağlamında açıklamalar yapılabilmesini güçleştirdiği düşünülmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Bellek Bellek Yanılması Kritik Çeldiriciler

Kaynakça

  • Beato, M. S. ve Arndt, J. (2017). The role of backward associative strength in false recognition of DRM lists with multiple critical words. Psicothema, 29(3), 358-363.
  • Bhatarah, P., Ward, G., Smith, J. ve Hayes, L. (2009). Examining the relationship between free recall and immediate serial recall: Similar patterns of rehearsal and similar effects of word length, presentation rate, and articulatory suppression. Memory & Cognition, 37, 689-713.
  • Bookbinder, S. H. ve Brainerd, C. J. (2016). Emotion and false memory: The context–content paradox. Psychological Bulletin, 142(12), 1315.
  • Brainerd, C. J., Stein, L. M., Silveira, R. A., Rohenkohl, G. ve Reyna, V. F. (2008). How does negative emotion cause false memories?. Psychological science, 19(9), 919-925.
  • Brainerd, C. J., Holliday, R. E., Reyna, V. F., Yang, Y. ve Toglia, M. P. (2010). Developmental reversals in false memory: Effects of emotional valence and arousal. Journal of experimental child psychology, 107(2), 137-154.
  • Budson, A. E., Todman, R. W., Chong, H., Adams, E. H., Kensinger, E. A., Krangel, T. S. ve Wright, C. I. (2006). False recognition of emotional word lists in aging and Alzheimer disease. Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology, 19(2), 71-78.
  • Campoy, G. (2008). The effect of word length in short-term memory: Is rehearsal necessary?. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 61(5), 724-734.
  • Dehon, H., Larøi, F. ve Van der Linden, M. (2010). Affective valence influences participant's susceptibility to false memories and illusory recollection. Emotion, 10(5), 627.
  • Dewhurst, S. A., Anderson, R. J. ve Knott, L. M. (2012). A gender difference in the false recall of negative words: Women DRM more than men. Cognition & emotion, 26(1), 65-74.
  • Erol, E. (2021). Duygusal Değerliğin ve Cinsiyetin Bellek Yanılgısı Üzerindeki Etkisi (Doctoral dissertation, Bursa Uludag University (Turkey)).
  • Foley, M. A., Wozniak, K. H. ve Gillum, A. (2006). Imagination and false memory inductions: Investigating the role of process, content and source of imaginations. Applied Cognitive Psychology: The Official Journal of the Society for Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 20(9), 1119-1141.
  • Glanzer, M. ve Adams, J. K. (1990). The mirror effect in recognition memory: Data and theory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 16(1), 5.
  • Glanzer, M. ve Adams, J. K. (1985). The mirror effect in recognition memory. Memory & cognition, 13, 8-20.
  • Göz, İ. (2001). Nadir Kelimelerde Fiziksel Kod Anlam Koduna Baskin midir? [Is physical coding stronger than semantic coding in rare words?]. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 16(48), 1–12.
  • Göz, İ. (2005). Word frequency effect in false memories. Psychological reports, 96(3_suppl), 1095-1112E.
  • Hellenthal, M. V., Knott, L. M., Howe, M. L., Wilkinson, S. ve Shah, D. (2019). The effects of arousal and attention on emotional false memory formation. Journal of Memory and Language, 107, 54-68.
  • Hirshman, E. ve Arndt, J. (1997). Discriminating alternative conceptions of false recognition: The cases of word concreteness and word frequency. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 23(6), 1306.
  • Howe, M. L., Candel, I., Otgaar, H., Malone, C. ve Wimmer, M. C. (2010). Valence and the development of immediate and long-term false memory illusions. Memory, 18(1), 58-75.
  • Hulme, C., Suprenant, A. M., Bireta, T. J., Stuart, G. ve Neath, I. (2004). Abolishing the word-length effect. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 30(1), 98.
  • Jalbert, A., Neath, I., Bireta, T. J. ve Surprenant, A. M. (2011). When does length cause the word length effect?. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 37(2), 338.
  • Johnston, R. A. ve Barry, C. (2006). Age of acquisition and lexical processing. Visual cognition, 13(7-8), 789-845.
  • Kapucu, A., Kılıç, A., Özkılıç, Y. ve Sarıbaz, B. (2021). Turkish emotional word norms for arousal, valence, and discrete emotion categories. Psychological reports, 124(1), 188-209.
  • Kensinger, E. A. ve Corkin, S. (2004). Two routes to emotional memory: Distinct neural processes for valence and arousal. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 101(9), 3310-3315.
  • Knott, L. M., Howe, M. L., Toffalini, E., Shah, D. ve Humphreys, L. (2018). The role of attention in immediate emotional false memory enhancement. Emotion, 18(8), 1063.
  • Madigan, S. ve Neuse, J. (2004). False recognition and word length: A reanalysis of Roediger, Watson, McDermott, and Gallo (2001) and some new data. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 11, 567-573.
  • Marche, T. A., Brainerd, C. J. ve Reyna, V. F. (2010). Distinguishing true from false memories in forensic contexts: Can phenomenology tell us what is real?. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 24(8), 1168-1182.
  • Marín-Gutiérrez, A., Díez Villoria, E. ve González, A. M. (2023). The concreteness effect from memory illusions' perspective: the DIM-HA effect. bioRxiv, 2023-07.
  • Mneimne, M., Powers, A. S., Walton, K. E., Kosson, D. S., Fonda, S. ve Simonetti, J. (2010). Emotional valence and arousal effects on memory and hemispheric asymmetries. Brain and cognition, 74(1), 10-17.
  • Ochsner, K. N. (2000). Are affective events richly recollected or simply familiar? The experience and process of recognizing feelings past. Journal of experimental psychology: general, 129(2), 242.
  • Oliver, M. C., Bays, R. B. ve Zabrucky, K. M. (2016). False memories and the DRM paradigm: Effects of imagery, list, and test type. The Journal of General Psychology, 143(1), 33-48.
  • Otgaar, H., Candel, I. ve Merckelbach, H. (2008). Children’s false memories: Easier to elicit for a negative than for a neutral event. Acta Psychologica, 128(2), 350-354.
  • Palmer, J. E. ve Dodson, C. S. (2009). Investigating the mechanisms fuelling reduced false recall of emotional material. Cognition and Emotion, 23(2), 238-259.
  • Payne, D. G., Elie, C. J., Blackwell, J. M. ve Neuschatz, J. S. (1996). Memory illusions: Recalling, recognizing, and recollecting events that never occurred. Journal of Memory and Language, 35(2), 261-285.
  • Pérez-Mata, M. N., Read, J. D. ve Diges, M. (2002). Effects of divided attention and word concreteness on correct recall and false memory reports. Memory, 10(3), 161-177.
  • Reyna, V. F. ve Brainerd, C. J. (1995). Fuzzy-trace theory: An interim synthesis. Learning and individual Differences, 7(1), 1-75.
  • Richardson, J. T. (1975). Imagery, concreteness, and lexical complexity. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 27(2), 211-223.
  • Robin, F., Ménétrier, E. ve Beffara Bret, B. (2022). Effects of visual imagery on false memories in DRM and misinformation paradigms. Memory, 30(6), 725-732.
  • Roediger III, H. L., Balota, D. A. ve Watson, J. M. (2001). Spreading activation and arousal of false memories.
  • Roediger, H. L. ve McDermott, K. B. (1995). Creating false memories: Remembering words not presented in lists. Journal of experimental psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 21(4), 803.
  • Roediger III, H. L., McDermott, K. B. ve Pisoni, D. B. (2001). Recollection of illusory voices. Manuscript submitted for publication.
  • Russo, R. ve Grammatopoulou, N. (2003). Word length and articulatory suppression affect short-term and long-term recall tasks. Memory & Cognition, 31, 728-737.
  • Sharkawy, J. E., Groth, K., Vetter, C., Beraldi, A. ve Fast, K. (2008). False memories of emotional and neutral words. Behavioural Neurology, 19(1-2), 7-11.
  • Sherman, S. M. ve Jordan, T. R. (2011). Word‐frequency effects in long‐term semantic priming and false memory. British Journal of Psychology, 102(3), 559-568.
  • Steinmetz, K. R. M., Addis, D. R. ve Kensinger, E. A. (2010). The effect of arousal on the emotional memory network depends on valence. Neuroimage, 53(1), 318-324.
  • Tehan, G. ve Tolan, G. A. (2007). Word length effects in long-term memory. Journal of Memory and Language, 56(1), 35-48.
  • Tekcan, A. İ. ve Göz, İ. (2005). Türkçe kelime normları: 600 kelimenin imgelem, somutluk, sıklık değerleri ve çağrışım setleri (No. 849). Boğaziçi Üniversitesi.
  • Tulving, E. (1985). Memory and consciousness. Canadian Psychology/Psychologie canadienne, 26(1), 1.
  • Yonelinas, A. P. (2002). The nature of recollection and familiarity: A review of 30 years of research. Journal of memory and language, 46(3), 441-517.
  • Zhang, W. (2018). The Effect of Emotion on False Memories in The Deese-Roediger-Mcdermott (DRM) Paradigm, University Of Otago, (Doktora Tezi), Otago, 2018.
Toplam 49 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Hafıza ve Dikkat
Bölüm Derlemeler
Yazarlar

Emre Erol 0000-0002-3313-6735

Çekdar Aytimur 0000-0002-7188-6190

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 21 Aralık 2023
Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 6 Ekim 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 1 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Erol, E., & Aytimur, Ç. (2023). Bellek Yanılmalarını Etkileyen Kritik Çeldiricilere İlişkin Faktörlerin Aktivasyon-İzleme Teorisi ve Bulanık İz Teorisi Çerçevesinde İncelenmesi. Kahramanmaraş İstiklal Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 1(1), 25-33. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10449610
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