The Impact of Internal Energy Consumption on Efficiency and Emissions in Maritime Transport

Onur Elma; Özgür Turay Kaymakçı; Hasan Mercan

doi:10.38088/jise.1570132

Research Article

The Impact of Internal Energy Consumption on Efficiency and Emissions in Maritime Transport

Year 2025, Volume: 9 Issue: 1, 54 - 61

Onur Elma , Özgür Turay Kaymakçı , Hasan Mercan

Abstract

Maritime transportation plays a crucial role in moving passengers, vehicles, and freight. However, emissions from this sector have become a focus of environmental concerns. Therefore, accurate analysis is important to reduce ship emissions and develop more efficient solutions. The study investigates the energy usage and emissions of a ferry, which is an example of analyzing the impact of internal energy consumption on efficiency and emissions in maritime transport. The analysis concentrates on the fuel consumption of the gen-set. Although the main engine is responsible for most of the ferry's emissions, the gen-set, running at an average load of 37.5%, also significantly contributes to emissions. By using emission factors for pollutants such as CO2, NOx, SOx, CO, and PM, the study calculated the emissions from both the main engine and the gen-set. The results show that the gen-set is accountable for 10% of the total emissions despite its lower load. These points to the potential for enhancing electrical energy efficiency on board, primarily through load optimization, gen-set modernization, and waste heat recovery. By implementing these strategies, the ferry can decrease fuel consumption, reduce emissions, and transition to a more sustainable and environmentally friendly operation. The findings underscore the importance of focusing on the ferry's electrical energy efficiency to minimize its overall environmental impact.

Keywords

Gen-set Efficiency, Maritime Transport Emissions, Energy consumption, System analysis

Supporting Institution

Office of Scientific Research Projects Coordination at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University

Project Number

FBA-2023-4192

Thanks

We thank Gestaş Deniz Ulaşım Tic. A.Ş. for their technical support. Also, this work was supported by the Office of Scientific Research Projects Coordination at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Grant number: FBA-2023-4192.

References

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3. C. C. Chou, H. P. Hsu, C. N. Wang, and T. L. Yang, “Analysis of energy efficiencies of in-port ferries and island passenger-ships and improvement policies to reduce CO2 emissions,” Mar. Pollut. Bull., vol. 172, no. July 2021, p. 112826, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112826.
4. K. Yiğit, “Examining the Effect of Generator Load Sharing Practices on Greenhouse Gas Emissions for a Ship,” Konya J. Eng. Sci., vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 301–311, 2022, doi: 10.36306/konjes.1056500.
5. M. Kunicka, “Optimisation of the Energy Consumption of a Small Passenger Ferry with Hybrid Propulsion,” Polish Marit. Res., vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 77–82, 2024, doi: 10.2478/pomr-2024-0023.
6. D. Kumar and F. Zare, “A Comprehensive Review of Maritime Microgrids: System Architectures, Energy Efficiency, Power Quality, and Regulations,” IEEE Access, vol. 7, pp. 67249–67277, 2019, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2917082.
7. M. Falahi, K. L. Butler-Purry, and M. Ehsani, “Reactive power coordination of shipboard power systems in presence of pulsed loads,” IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 28, no. 4, pp. 3675–3682, 2013, doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2013.2253809.
8. T. Tarasiuk et al., “Review of Power Quality Issues in Maritime Microgrids,” IEEE Access, vol. 9, pp. 81798–81817, 2021, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3086000.
9. S. I. Taheri, G. G. T. T. Vieira, M. B. C. Salles, and S. L. Avila, “A trip-ahead strategy for optimal energy dispatch in ship power systems,” Electr. Power Syst. Res., vol. 192, no. November 2020, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.epsr.2020.106917.
10. M. E. Demir and F. Çıtakoğlu, “Design and modeling of a multigeneration system driven by waste heat of a marine diesel engine,” Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, vol. 47, no. 95, pp. 40513–40530, 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2022.05.182.
11. K. Yiğit, “Evaluation of energy efficiency potentials from generator operations on vessels,” Energy, vol. 257, 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.energy.2022.124687.
12. A. J. Nyongesa et al., “Experimental evaluation of the significance of scheduled turbocharger reconditioning on marine diesel engine efficiency and exhaust gas emissions,” Ain Shams Engineering Journal, vol. 15, no. 8. 2024. doi: 10.1016/j.asej.2024.102845.
13. K. Yiğit, “An Examination of the Potential Usage of Alternative Energy Systems in Ship Technology,” J. Sh. Mar. Technol. J., no. December, pp. 2651–530, 2018, [Online]. Available: https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/gdt/issue/42891/518677
14. G. Ling, C. Han, Z. Yang, and J. He, “Energy consumption and emission analysis for electric container ships,” Ocean Coast. Manag., vol. 261, no. August 2024, p. 107505, 2025, doi: 10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2024.107505.
15. A. Roy and M. Chakraborty, “A review of ship emissions impacts on environmental, health, societal impacts and IMO’s mitigation policies,” Reg. Stud. Mar. Sci., vol. 81, no. November 2024, p. 103964, 2025, doi: 10.1016/j.rsma.2024.103964.
16. R. D. Geertsma, R. R. Negenborn, K. Visser, and J. J. Hopman, “Design and control of hybrid power and propulsion systems for smart ships: A review of developments,” Applied Energy, vol. 194. pp. 30–54, 2017. doi: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.02.060.
17. U.S. Department of Energy, “Fuel Properties Comparison,” Alternative Fuels Data Center. Accessed: Sep. 20, 2024. [Online]. Available: https://afdc.energy.gov/files/u/publication/fuel_comparison_chart.pdf
18. Infineon, “Why ships of the future will run on electricity.” Accessed: Oct. 01, 2024. [Online]. Available: https://www.infineon.com/cms/en/discoveries/electrified-ships/
19. İ. A. Reşitoğlu, K. Altinişik, and A. Keskin, “The pollutant emissions from diesel-engine vehicles and exhaust aftertreatment systems,” Clean Technol. Environ. Policy, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 15–27, Jan. 2015, doi: 10.1007/s10098-014-0793-9.
20. T. I. Council and on Combustion Engines, “Guide to Diesel Exhaust Emissions Control of NOx, SOx, Particulates, Smoke and CO2,” 2008. [Online]. Available: https://www.cimac.com/cms/upload/Publication_Press/Recommendations/Recommendation_28.pdf.

Year 2025, Volume: 9 Issue: 1, 54 - 61

Onur Elma , Özgür Turay Kaymakçı , Hasan Mercan

Abstract

Project Number

FBA-2023-4192

References

1. IMO, “Fourth IMO GHG Study 2020 Full Report,” Int. Marit. Organ., vol. 6, no. 11, p. 524, 2021, [Online]. Available: https://wwwcdn.imo.org/localresources/en/OurWork/Environment/Documents/Fourth IMO GHG Study 2020 - Full report and annexes.pdf
2. Z. Wang, B. Dong, M. Li, Y. Ji, and F. Han, “Configuration of Low-Carbon fuels green marine power systems in diverse ship types and Applications,” Energy Convers. Manag., vol. 302, no. October 2023, 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.enconman.2024.118139.
3. C. C. Chou, H. P. Hsu, C. N. Wang, and T. L. Yang, “Analysis of energy efficiencies of in-port ferries and island passenger-ships and improvement policies to reduce CO2 emissions,” Mar. Pollut. Bull., vol. 172, no. July 2021, p. 112826, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112826.
4. K. Yiğit, “Examining the Effect of Generator Load Sharing Practices on Greenhouse Gas Emissions for a Ship,” Konya J. Eng. Sci., vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 301–311, 2022, doi: 10.36306/konjes.1056500.
5. M. Kunicka, “Optimisation of the Energy Consumption of a Small Passenger Ferry with Hybrid Propulsion,” Polish Marit. Res., vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 77–82, 2024, doi: 10.2478/pomr-2024-0023.
6. D. Kumar and F. Zare, “A Comprehensive Review of Maritime Microgrids: System Architectures, Energy Efficiency, Power Quality, and Regulations,” IEEE Access, vol. 7, pp. 67249–67277, 2019, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2917082.
7. M. Falahi, K. L. Butler-Purry, and M. Ehsani, “Reactive power coordination of shipboard power systems in presence of pulsed loads,” IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 28, no. 4, pp. 3675–3682, 2013, doi: 10.1109/TPWRS.2013.2253809.
8. T. Tarasiuk et al., “Review of Power Quality Issues in Maritime Microgrids,” IEEE Access, vol. 9, pp. 81798–81817, 2021, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3086000.
9. S. I. Taheri, G. G. T. T. Vieira, M. B. C. Salles, and S. L. Avila, “A trip-ahead strategy for optimal energy dispatch in ship power systems,” Electr. Power Syst. Res., vol. 192, no. November 2020, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.epsr.2020.106917.
10. M. E. Demir and F. Çıtakoğlu, “Design and modeling of a multigeneration system driven by waste heat of a marine diesel engine,” Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, vol. 47, no. 95, pp. 40513–40530, 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2022.05.182.
11. K. Yiğit, “Evaluation of energy efficiency potentials from generator operations on vessels,” Energy, vol. 257, 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.energy.2022.124687.
12. A. J. Nyongesa et al., “Experimental evaluation of the significance of scheduled turbocharger reconditioning on marine diesel engine efficiency and exhaust gas emissions,” Ain Shams Engineering Journal, vol. 15, no. 8. 2024. doi: 10.1016/j.asej.2024.102845.
13. K. Yiğit, “An Examination of the Potential Usage of Alternative Energy Systems in Ship Technology,” J. Sh. Mar. Technol. J., no. December, pp. 2651–530, 2018, [Online]. Available: https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/gdt/issue/42891/518677
14. G. Ling, C. Han, Z. Yang, and J. He, “Energy consumption and emission analysis for electric container ships,” Ocean Coast. Manag., vol. 261, no. August 2024, p. 107505, 2025, doi: 10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2024.107505.
15. A. Roy and M. Chakraborty, “A review of ship emissions impacts on environmental, health, societal impacts and IMO’s mitigation policies,” Reg. Stud. Mar. Sci., vol. 81, no. November 2024, p. 103964, 2025, doi: 10.1016/j.rsma.2024.103964.
16. R. D. Geertsma, R. R. Negenborn, K. Visser, and J. J. Hopman, “Design and control of hybrid power and propulsion systems for smart ships: A review of developments,” Applied Energy, vol. 194. pp. 30–54, 2017. doi: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.02.060.
17. U.S. Department of Energy, “Fuel Properties Comparison,” Alternative Fuels Data Center. Accessed: Sep. 20, 2024. [Online]. Available: https://afdc.energy.gov/files/u/publication/fuel_comparison_chart.pdf
18. Infineon, “Why ships of the future will run on electricity.” Accessed: Oct. 01, 2024. [Online]. Available: https://www.infineon.com/cms/en/discoveries/electrified-ships/
19. İ. A. Reşitoğlu, K. Altinişik, and A. Keskin, “The pollutant emissions from diesel-engine vehicles and exhaust aftertreatment systems,” Clean Technol. Environ. Policy, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 15–27, Jan. 2015, doi: 10.1007/s10098-014-0793-9.
20. T. I. Council and on Combustion Engines, “Guide to Diesel Exhaust Emissions Control of NOx, SOx, Particulates, Smoke and CO2,” 2008. [Online]. Available: https://www.cimac.com/cms/upload/Publication_Press/Recommendations/Recommendation_28.pdf.

There are 20 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language	English
Subjects	Electrical Engineering (Other), Mechatronics Engineering
Journal Section	Research Articles
Authors	Onur Elma 0000-0002-4812-2117 Özgür Turay Kaymakçı 0000-0001-7553-6887 Hasan Mercan 0000-0001-6681-6748
Project Number	FBA-2023-4192
Early Pub Date	May 5, 2025
Publication Date
Submission Date	October 19, 2024
Acceptance Date	February 28, 2025
Published in Issue	Year 2025Volume: 9 Issue: 1

Cite

APA	Elma, O., Kaymakçı, Ö. T., & Mercan, H. (2025). The Impact of Internal Energy Consumption on Efficiency and Emissions in Maritime Transport. Journal of Innovative Science and Engineering, 9(1), 54-61. https://doi.org/10.38088/jise.1570132
AMA	Elma O, Kaymakçı ÖT, Mercan H. The Impact of Internal Energy Consumption on Efficiency and Emissions in Maritime Transport. JISE. May 2025;9(1):54-61. doi:10.38088/jise.1570132
Chicago	Elma, Onur, Özgür Turay Kaymakçı, and Hasan Mercan. “The Impact of Internal Energy Consumption on Efficiency and Emissions in Maritime Transport”. Journal of Innovative Science and Engineering 9, no. 1 (May 2025): 54-61. https://doi.org/10.38088/jise.1570132.
EndNote	Elma O, Kaymakçı ÖT, Mercan H (May 1, 2025) The Impact of Internal Energy Consumption on Efficiency and Emissions in Maritime Transport. Journal of Innovative Science and Engineering 9 1 54–61.
IEEE	O. Elma, Ö. T. Kaymakçı, and H. Mercan, “The Impact of Internal Energy Consumption on Efficiency and Emissions in Maritime Transport”, JISE, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 54–61, 2025, doi: 10.38088/jise.1570132.
ISNAD	Elma, Onur et al. “The Impact of Internal Energy Consumption on Efficiency and Emissions in Maritime Transport”. Journal of Innovative Science and Engineering 9/1 (May 2025), 54-61. https://doi.org/10.38088/jise.1570132.
JAMA	Elma O, Kaymakçı ÖT, Mercan H. The Impact of Internal Energy Consumption on Efficiency and Emissions in Maritime Transport. JISE. 2025;9:54–61.
MLA	Elma, Onur et al. “The Impact of Internal Energy Consumption on Efficiency and Emissions in Maritime Transport”. Journal of Innovative Science and Engineering, vol. 9, no. 1, 2025, pp. 54-61, doi:10.38088/jise.1570132.
Vancouver	Elma O, Kaymakçı ÖT, Mercan H. The Impact of Internal Energy Consumption on Efficiency and Emissions in Maritime Transport. JISE. 2025;9(1):54-61.

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