Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Investigation on Different Driving Cycle and Scenarios Considering the Autonomous Electric Vehicles

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 4, 364 - 378, 31.12.2022

Uğur Demir Zeliha Kamış Kocabıçak

https://doi.org/10.30939/ijastech..1178321
Cited By: 1

Öz

This study presents a series of analyzes considering the traction and steering demands of an autonomous electric vehicle (AEV) as a shuttle. The considered analyzes in here are dealt with as driving cycle (DC) and driving scenarios (DS) to assess the traction and steering performance of the AEV. The aim of this study is to evaluate the issues such as over engineering for AEV traction and steering motor requirements on a certain route by comparatively analyzing traditional and dynamic calculation under the DC and DS. Therefore, DC and DS in the lit-erature are evaluated in terms of different applications, optimization techniques, generation algorithm, parametric characterization, e-motor type etc. Afterwards, NEDC, US06, WLTC, Double Lane Change (DLC), Constant Radius (CR) and Slowly Increase Steer (SIS) are determined. Then, they are arranged according to the vehicle-specific limits on an electric golf car. The modified DCs and DSs are run on the dynamic model of the vehicle. In the performed analysis, the parame-ters such as reference trajectory tracking, yaw angle, tractive and steering forces, lateral and longitudinal displacement-acceleration, steering and traction motor power–speed-torque are investigated. And the obtained results are evaluated by comparing the traditional calculation results.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Driving cycle Driving Scenario Autonomous Vehicle Steering and Traction Dynamics

Destekleyen Kurum

-

Proje Numarası

-

Teşekkür

-

Kaynakça

  • [1] Ehsani M., Gao Y, Emadi A. Modern Electric, Hybrid Electric, and Fuel Cell Vehicles - Fundamentals, Theory, and Design. CRC Press 2nd ed., Boca Raton, FL: Taylor and Francis Group, LLC. 2010.
  • [2] Demir U., Aküner M. C. Design and Analysis of Radiaxial In-duction Motor. Electrical Engineering. 2018; 100(4): 2361-2371.
  • [3] Christensen, T., Sørensen, N.B., Bøg, B. Energy Efficient Con-trol of an Induction Machine for an Electric Vehicle. Master Thesis, Aalborg University, Study Board of Industry and Glob-al Business Development, Denmark. 2012.
  • [4] Demir U., Aküner M. C. Design and Optimization of in-Wheel Asynchronous Motor for Electric Vehicle. Journal of the Facul-ty of Engineering and Architecture of Gazi University. 2018; 18(2): 1-21.
  • [5] Emirler M. T., Uygan İ. M. C., Güvenç B. A., Güvenç L.Robust PID Steering Control in Parameter Space for Highly Automated Driving. International Journal of Vehicular Technology. 2014; 259465: 1687-5702.
  • [6] Ji J., Khajepour A., Melek W. W., Huang Y. Path Planning and Tracking for Vehicle Collision Avoidance Based on Model Predictive Control With Multiconstraints. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology. 2017; 66(2): 952-964.
  • [7] Emirler M. T., Wang H., Güvenç B.A. Automated robust path following control based on calculation of lateral deviation and Yaw angle error. ASME 2015 dynamic systems and control conference, Columbus, OH, p.V003T50A009. New York: ASME. 2015.
  • [8] Demir U., Aküner M. C. Using Taguchi method in defining critical rotor pole data of LSPMSM considering the power fac-tor and efficiency. Tehnički vjesnik. 2017; 24(2): 347- 353.
  • [9] Sun X., Shi Z., Lei G., Guo Y., Zhu J. Multi-Objective Design Optimization of an IPMSM Based on Multilevel Strategy. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics. 2020; 68(1): 139-148.
  • [10] Guvenc B. A., Guvenc L. Robust two degree-of-freedom add-on controller design for automatic steering. IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology. 2002; 10(1): 137-148.
  • [11] Kocakulak T., Solmaz, H. Ön ve son iletimli paralel hibrit araçların bulanık mantık yöntemi ile kontrolü ve diğer güç sistemleri ile karşılaştırılması. Gazi Üniversitesi Mühendis-lik Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi. 2020; 35(4): 2269-2286.
  • [12] Snider J. M. Automatic Steering Methods for Autono-mous Automobile Path Tracking. Master Thesis, Robotics Insti-tute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. 2009. [13] Li L., Chaosheng H., Minghui L., Shuming S. Study on the combined design method of transient driving cycles for passenger car in Changchun. 2008 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference. 2008; 1-5.
  • [14] Zhuang J. H., Xie H.,Yan Y. Remote self-learning of driving cycle for electric vehicle demonstrating area. 2008 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference. 2008; 1-4.
  • [15] Liang Z. Xin Z., Yi T., Xinn Z. Intelligent Energy Man-agement Based on the Driving Cycle Sensitivity Identification Using SVM. 2009 Second International Symposium on Compu-tational Intelligence and Design. 2009; 513-516.
  • [16] Yi T., Xin Z., Liang Z., Xinn, Z. Intelligent Energy Management Based on Driving Cycle Identification Using Fuzzy Neural Network. 2009 Second International Symposium on Computational Intelligence and Design. 2009; 501-504.
  • [17] Shiqi O., Yafu Z., Jing L., Pu J., Baoyu T. Development of hybrid city bus's driving cycle. 2011 International Confer-ence on Electric Information and Control Engineering. 2011; 2112-2116.
  • [18] Zhuang J., Xie H., Li S., Yan Y., Zhu Z. Remote self-learning of driving cycle for hybrid electric vehicle. 2011 In-ternational Conference on Electrical and Control Engineering. 2011; 4029-4032.
  • [19] Liu L., Huang C., Lu B., Shi S., Zhang Y., Cheng J. Study on the design method of time-variant driving cycles for EV based on Markov Process. 2012 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference. 2012; 1277-1281.
  • [20] Chrenko D., Garcia Diez I., Le Moyne L. Artificial driving cycles for the evaluation of energetic needs of electric vehicles. 2012 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference and Expo (ITEC). 2012; 1-5.
  • [21] Ma X., Ming W. Energy-saving driving mode for PHEV drivers based on energy cycle model. IET Hybrid and Electric Vehicles Conference 2013 (HEVC 2013). 2013; 1-5.
  • [22] Schwarzer V., Ghorbani R. Drive Cycle Generation for Design Optimization of Electric Vehicles. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology. 2013; 62(1): 89-97.
  • [23] Shi S., et al. Research on Markov Property Analysis of Driving Cycle. 2013 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Con-ference (VPPC). 2013; 1-5.
  • [24] Asus, Z., Aglzim, E., Chrenko D., Daud Z. C., Le Moyne L. Dynamic Modeling and Driving Cycle Prediction for a Racing Series Hybrid Car. IEEE Journal of Emerging and Se-lected Topics in Power Electronics. 2014; 2(3): 541-551.
  • [25] Xing J., Han X., Ye H., Cui Y., Ye, H. Driving cycle recognition for hybrid electric vehicle. 2014 IEEE Conference and Expo Transportation Electrification Asia-Pacific (ITEC Asia-Pacific). 2014; 1-6.
  • [26] Zhang B., Gao X., Xiong X., Wang X., Yang H. Devel-opment of the Driving Cycle for Dalian City. 2014 8th Interna-tional Conference on Future Generation Communication and Networking. 2014; 60-63.
  • [27] Nejad A. Z., Deilami S., Masoum M. A. S., Haghdadi N. Map-based linear estimation of drive cycle for hybrid electric vehicles. 2015 Australasian Universities Power Engineering Conference (AUPEC). 2015; 1-5.
  • [28] Nyberg P., Frisk E., Nielsen, L. Using Real-World Driv-ing Databases to Generate Driving Cycles With Equivalence Properties. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology. 2016; 65(6): 4095-4105.
  • [29] Divakarla K. P., Emadi A., Razavi, S. N. Journey Map-ping—A New Approach for Defining Automotive Drive Cycles. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications. 2016; 52(6): 5121-5129.
  • [30] Sun B. Driving cycle construction methodology based on Markov process and uniform distribution. 2016 35th Chi-nese Control Conference (CCC). 2016; 9300-9304.
  • [31] Chen Z., Li L. Yan B., Yang C., Marina Martínez C., Cao D. Multimode Energy Management for Plug-In Hybrid Electric Buses Based on Driving Cycles Prediction. IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems. 2016; 17(10): 2811-2821.
  • [32] Silvas E., Hereijgers K., Peng H., Hofman T., Steinbuch M. Synthesis of Realistic Driving Cycles With High Accuracy and Computational Speed, Including Slope Information. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology. 2016; 65(6): 4118-4128.
  • [33] Liessner R., Dietermann A. M., Bäker B., Lüpkes K.Derivation of real-world driving cycles corresponding to traf-fic situation and driving style on the basis of Markov models and cluster analyses. 6th Hybrid and Electric Vehicles Confer-ence (HEVC 2016). 2016; 1-7.
  • [34] Wang Y., Zhang N., Xia J., Liu B., Wu Y. An Intelligent Identification Method of Vehicle Driving Cycle Based on LVQ Model. 2017 10th International Symposium on Computational Intelligence and Design (ISCID). 2017; 240-243.
  • [35] Mahayadin A. R., et al. Development of Driving Cycle Construction Methodology in Malaysia's Urban Road System. 2018 International Conference on Computational Approach in Smart Systems Design and Applications (ICASSDA). 2018; 1-5.
  • [36] Zhang M., Shi S., Lin N., Yue B. High-Efficiency Driv-ing Cycle Generation Using a Markov Chain Evolution Algo-rithm. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology. 2019; 68(2): 1288-1301.
  • [37] Sun R., Tian Y., Zhang H., Yue R., Lv B., Chen J. Da-ta-Driven Synthetic Optimization Method for Driving Cycle Development. IEEE Access. 2019; 7: 162559-162570.
  • [38] Kharrazi S., Almén M., Frisk E., Nielsen L. Extending Behavioral Models to Generate Mission-Based Driving Cycles for Data-Driven Vehicle Development. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology. 2019; 68(2): 1222-1230.
  • [39] Wasserburger A., Hametner C. Automated Generation of Real Driving Emissions Compliant Drive Cycles Using Con-ditional Probability Modeling. 2020 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC). 2020; 1-6.
  • [40] Förster D., Inderka R. B., Gauterin F. Data-Driven Iden-tification of Characteristic Real-Driving Cycles Based on k-Means Clustering and Mixed-Integer Optimization. IEEE Trans-actions on Vehicular Technology. 2020; 69(3): 2398-2410.
  • [41] Shi S., Zhang M., Lin N., Yue B. Low-Cost Reconstruc-tion of Typical Driving Cycles Based on Empirical Information and Low-Frequency Speed Data. IEEE Transactions on Vehicu-lar Technology. 2020; 69(8): 8221-8231.
  • [42] Zhang M., Cheng W., Shen Y. Designing Heavy-Duty Vehicles’ Four-Parameter Driving Cycles to Best Represent En-gine Distribution Consistency. IEEE Access. 2020; 8: 212079-212093.
  • [43] Staackmann M., Liaw B. Y., Yun D. Y. Y. Dynamic driving cycle analyses using electric vehicle time-series data. IECEC-97 Proceedings of the Thirty-Second Intersociety Ener-gy Conversion Engineering Conference. 1997; 2014-2018.
  • [44] Naylor S. M., Pickert V., Atkinson D. J. Fuel Cell Drive Train Systems -- Driving Cycle Evaluation of Potential Topolo-gies. 2006 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference. 2006; 1-6.
  • [45] Fan J., et al.Thermal Analysis of Permanent Magnet Motor for the Electric Vehicle Application Considering Driving Duty Cycle. IEEE Transactions on Magnetics. 2010; 46(6): 2493-2496.
  • [46] Chu L., Yin J., Yao L., Wang W. The method for matching the PMSM's base parameters of the Hybrid Electric Vehicle based on drive cycle. Proceedings of 2011 Internation-al Conference on Electronic & Mechanical Engineering and In-formation Technology. 2011; 3234-3237.
  • [47] Li J., Wang W., Liu G., Lu F. Simulation and emission experiment of Changan hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) under the Instable drive cycle conditions. 2011 International Conference on Electric Information and Control Engineering. 2011; 2578-2581.
  • [48] Rothe R., Hameyer K. Life expectancy calculation for electric vehicle traction motors regarding dynamic temperature and driving cycles. 2011 IEEE International Electric Machines & Drives Conference (IEMDC). 2011; 1306-1309.
  • [49] Juris P., Brune A.,Ponick B. A coupled thermal-electromagnetic energy consumption calculation for an electric vehicle with wheel hub drive considering different driving cy-cles. 2012 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference. 2012; 28-31.
  • [50] Chen L., Wang J., Lazari P., Xiao C. Optimizations of a permanent magnet machine targeting different driving cycles for electric vehicles. 2013 International Electric Machines & Drives Conference. 2013; 855-862.
  • [51] Wu X., Jiang T., Du J., Hu C. Comparison of different driving cycles control effects of an extended-range electric bus. Proceedings of 2013 2nd International Conference on Meas-urement, Information and Control. 2013; 1073-1076.
  • [52] Lintern M. A., Chen R., Carroll S., Walsh C. Simulation study on the measured difference in fuel consumption between real-world driving and ECE-15 of a hybrid electric vehicle. IET Hybrid and Electric Vehicles Conference (HEVC 2013). 2013; 1-6.
  • [53] Sridharan S., Krein P. T. Induction motor drive design for traction application based on drive-cycle energy minimiza-tion. 2014 IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition - APEC 2014. 2014; 1517-1521.
  • [54] Yingnan W., Zhu W., Schaefer U. Study on the real time driving cycles and its influence on design of the electrical motor of EV. 2014 IEEE Conference and Expo Transportation Electrification Asia-Pacific (ITEC Asia-Pacific). 2014; 1-6.
  • [55] Patel V.I., Wang J., Wang W., Chen X. Thermal design and analysis of 6-phase fractional slot permanent magnet ma-chines considering driving cycles. 7th IET International Con-ference on Power Electronics, Machines and Drives (PEMD). 2014;1-6.
  • [56] Günther S., Ulbrich S., Hofmann W. Driving cycle-based design optimization of interior permanent magnet syn-chronous motor drives for electric vehicle application. 2014 In-ternational Symposium on Power Electronics, Electrical Drives, Automation and Motion. 2014; 25-30.
  • [57] Boscaino V., Miceli R. Analysis of driving cycles ef-fects on power supply requirements of a fuel cell powered light-weight electric vehicle. 2015 IEEE International Electric Machines & Drives Conference (IEMDC), 2015; 853-859.
  • [58] Carraro E., Morandin M., Bianchi N. Traction PMASR Motor Optimization According to a Given Driving Cycle. in IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications. 2016; 52(1): 209-216.
  • [59] Arfa Grunditz E., Thiringer T. Characterizing BEV Powertrain Energy Consumption, Efficiency, and Range During Official and Drive Cycles From Gothenburg, Sweden. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology. 2016; 65(6,): 3964-3980.
  • [60] Fen G., Fei Z. A study of driving cycle for electric cars on Beijing urban and suburban roads. 2016 IEEE International Conference on Power and Renewable Energy (ICPRE). 2016; 319-322.
  • [61] Degrenne N., Mollov S. Real-life vs. standard driving cycles and implications on EV power electronic reliability. IECON 2016 - 42nd Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society. 2016; 2177-2182.
  • [62] Li Q., Fan T., Wen X., Li Y., Wang Z., Guo J. Design optimization of interior permanent magnet sychronous ma-chines for traction application over a given driving cycle. IECON 2017 - 43rd Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society. 2017; 1900-1904.
  • [63] Kitzberger M., Bramerdorfer G., Silber S., Mitterhofer H., Amrhein W. Influence of Hysteresis and Eddy Current Losses on Electric Drive Energy Balance in Driving Cycle Op-eration,. 2018 8th International Electric Drives Production Con-ference (EDPC). 2018; 1-7.
  • [64] Charadsuksawat A., Laoonual Y., Chollacoop N. Com-parative Study of Hybrid Electric Vehicle and Conventional Vehicle Under New European Driving Cycle and Bangkok Driving Cycle. 2018 IEEE Transportation Electrification Con-ference and Expo, Asia-Pacific (ITEC Asia-Pacific). 2018; 1-6.
  • [65] Tan D., Xue H., Yang K., Li A., Wang H. Study on the Thermal Characteristics of In-Wheel Motor Drive System Based on Driving Cycles. IEEE Access. 2019; 7: 14463-14471.
  • [66] Tian L. Wu L., Huang X., Fang Y.Driving range para-metric analysis of electric vehicles driven by interior permanent magnet motors considering driving cycles. CES Transactions on Electrical Machines and Systems. 2019; 3(4): 377-381.
  • [67] Lekshmi S., Lal P. P. S. Range Extension of Electric Vehicles with Independently Driven Front and Rear PMSM Drives by Optimal Driving and Braking Torque Distribution. 2020 IEEE International Conference on Power Electronics, Smart Grid and Renewable Energy (PESGRE2020). 2020; 1-6.
  • [68] Vignesh S., Bhateshvar Y. K., Agrewale M. R. B., Vora K. C. Significance of Driving Cycle on Performance Parameters and Range in Small Electric Vehicle. 2020 IEEE First Interna-tional Conference on Smart Technologies for Power, Energy and Control (STPEC). 2020; 1-5.
  • [69] Sun X., Shi Z., Cai Y., Lei G., Guo Y., Zhu J. Driving-Cycle-Oriented Design Optimization of a Permanent Magnet Hub Motor Drive System for a Four-Wheel-Drive Electric Ve-hicle. IEEE Transactions on Transportation Electrification. 2020; 6(3): 1115-1125.
  • [70] Sarathkumar T. V., Poornanand M., Goswami A. K. Modelling and Simulation of Electric Vehicle Drive Through SAEJ227 & EUDC Cycles. 2020 IEEE Students Conference on Engineering & Systems (SCES). 2020; 1-5.
  • [71] Diao K., Sun X., Lei G., Bramerdorfer G., Guo Y., Zhu J. System-Level Robust Design Optimization of a Switched Reluctance Motor Drive System Considering Multiple Driving Cycles. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion. 2021; 36(1): 348-357.
  • [72] Demir U., Kocabıcak Z. K. Performance assessments of the material for the traction motor cores of an electric racing kart. Material Testing. 2021; 63(6): 519-528.
  • [73] Bagheri M., Farjah E., Ghanbari T. Selective Utilized Phase Number of Multiphase Induction Motors Strategy to En-hance Electric Vehicles’ Drive Range. 12th Power Electronics, Drive Systems, and Technologies Conference (PEDSTC). 2021; 1-5.
  • [74] Demir U. Improvement of the power to weight ratio for an induction traction motor using design of experiment on neu-ral network. Electr Eng. 2021; 103: 2267–2284.
  • [75] Karlsson A. Test Procedures and Evaluation Tools for Passenger Vehicle Dynamics. Master Thesis, Chalmers Univer-sity of Technology. 2014.
  • [76] Demir U. IM to IPM design transformation using neural network and DoE approach considering the efficiency and range extension of an electric vehicle. Electr Eng. 2022; 104: 1141–1152.
  • [77] Gillespie T. Fundamentals of Vehicle Dynamics. War-rendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE). 1992.
  • [78] Besselink I.J.M., Schmeitz A.J.C., Pacejka, H. B. An improved Magic Formula/Swift tyre model that can handle in-flation pressure changes. Vehicle System Dynam-ics :International Journal of Vehicle Mechanics and Mobility. 2010; 48(1): 42-3114.
  • [79] Pacejka, H. B. Tire and Vehicle Dynamics. United Kingdom: SAE and Butterworth-Heinemann, 3rd ed. Oxford. 2012.
  • [79] Schmid S. R., Hamrock B. J., Jacobson B. O. Fundamentals of Machine Elements. Boca Raton: CRC Press 3rd ed. 2014.
  • [80] Kim S. H., Chu C. N. A new manual steering torque estimation model for steer-by-wire systems. Proc IMechE Part D: J Automo-bile Engineering. 2016; 230 (7): 993-1008.
  • [81] Na S., Li Z., Quiu F., Zhang C. Torque control of electric pow-er steering system based on improved active disturbance rejection control. Mathematical Problems in Engineering. 2020; 6509607: 13.
  • [82] Jalali, K., Uchida, T., McPhee, J., Lambert, S. Development of an Advanced Fuzzy Active Steering Controller and a Novel Method to Tune the Fuzzy Controller. SAE Int. J. Passeng. Cars – Electron. Electr. Syst. 2013; 6: 241–254.
  • [83] Shuai Y., Li G., Xu J., Zhang H. An Effective Ship Control Strategy for Collision-Free Maneuver Toward a Dock. IEEE Access. 2020; 8: 110140-110152.
  • [84] Mukherjee S., Mohan D., Gawade, T.R. Three-wheeled scooter taxi: A safety analysis. Sadhana. 2007; 32: 459–478.

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 4, 364 - 378, 31.12.2022

Uğur Demir Zeliha Kamış Kocabıçak

https://doi.org/10.30939/ijastech..1178321
Cited By: 1

Öz

Proje Numarası

-

Kaynakça

  • [1] Ehsani M., Gao Y, Emadi A. Modern Electric, Hybrid Electric, and Fuel Cell Vehicles - Fundamentals, Theory, and Design. CRC Press 2nd ed., Boca Raton, FL: Taylor and Francis Group, LLC. 2010.
  • [2] Demir U., Aküner M. C. Design and Analysis of Radiaxial In-duction Motor. Electrical Engineering. 2018; 100(4): 2361-2371.
  • [3] Christensen, T., Sørensen, N.B., Bøg, B. Energy Efficient Con-trol of an Induction Machine for an Electric Vehicle. Master Thesis, Aalborg University, Study Board of Industry and Glob-al Business Development, Denmark. 2012.
  • [4] Demir U., Aküner M. C. Design and Optimization of in-Wheel Asynchronous Motor for Electric Vehicle. Journal of the Facul-ty of Engineering and Architecture of Gazi University. 2018; 18(2): 1-21.
  • [5] Emirler M. T., Uygan İ. M. C., Güvenç B. A., Güvenç L.Robust PID Steering Control in Parameter Space for Highly Automated Driving. International Journal of Vehicular Technology. 2014; 259465: 1687-5702.
  • [6] Ji J., Khajepour A., Melek W. W., Huang Y. Path Planning and Tracking for Vehicle Collision Avoidance Based on Model Predictive Control With Multiconstraints. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology. 2017; 66(2): 952-964.
  • [7] Emirler M. T., Wang H., Güvenç B.A. Automated robust path following control based on calculation of lateral deviation and Yaw angle error. ASME 2015 dynamic systems and control conference, Columbus, OH, p.V003T50A009. New York: ASME. 2015.
  • [8] Demir U., Aküner M. C. Using Taguchi method in defining critical rotor pole data of LSPMSM considering the power fac-tor and efficiency. Tehnički vjesnik. 2017; 24(2): 347- 353.
  • [9] Sun X., Shi Z., Lei G., Guo Y., Zhu J. Multi-Objective Design Optimization of an IPMSM Based on Multilevel Strategy. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics. 2020; 68(1): 139-148.
  • [10] Guvenc B. A., Guvenc L. Robust two degree-of-freedom add-on controller design for automatic steering. IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology. 2002; 10(1): 137-148.
  • [11] Kocakulak T., Solmaz, H. Ön ve son iletimli paralel hibrit araçların bulanık mantık yöntemi ile kontrolü ve diğer güç sistemleri ile karşılaştırılması. Gazi Üniversitesi Mühendis-lik Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi. 2020; 35(4): 2269-2286.
  • [12] Snider J. M. Automatic Steering Methods for Autono-mous Automobile Path Tracking. Master Thesis, Robotics Insti-tute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. 2009. [13] Li L., Chaosheng H., Minghui L., Shuming S. Study on the combined design method of transient driving cycles for passenger car in Changchun. 2008 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference. 2008; 1-5.
  • [14] Zhuang J. H., Xie H.,Yan Y. Remote self-learning of driving cycle for electric vehicle demonstrating area. 2008 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference. 2008; 1-4.
  • [15] Liang Z. Xin Z., Yi T., Xinn Z. Intelligent Energy Man-agement Based on the Driving Cycle Sensitivity Identification Using SVM. 2009 Second International Symposium on Compu-tational Intelligence and Design. 2009; 513-516.
  • [16] Yi T., Xin Z., Liang Z., Xinn, Z. Intelligent Energy Management Based on Driving Cycle Identification Using Fuzzy Neural Network. 2009 Second International Symposium on Computational Intelligence and Design. 2009; 501-504.
  • [17] Shiqi O., Yafu Z., Jing L., Pu J., Baoyu T. Development of hybrid city bus's driving cycle. 2011 International Confer-ence on Electric Information and Control Engineering. 2011; 2112-2116.
  • [18] Zhuang J., Xie H., Li S., Yan Y., Zhu Z. Remote self-learning of driving cycle for hybrid electric vehicle. 2011 In-ternational Conference on Electrical and Control Engineering. 2011; 4029-4032.
  • [19] Liu L., Huang C., Lu B., Shi S., Zhang Y., Cheng J. Study on the design method of time-variant driving cycles for EV based on Markov Process. 2012 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference. 2012; 1277-1281.
  • [20] Chrenko D., Garcia Diez I., Le Moyne L. Artificial driving cycles for the evaluation of energetic needs of electric vehicles. 2012 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference and Expo (ITEC). 2012; 1-5.
  • [21] Ma X., Ming W. Energy-saving driving mode for PHEV drivers based on energy cycle model. IET Hybrid and Electric Vehicles Conference 2013 (HEVC 2013). 2013; 1-5.
  • [22] Schwarzer V., Ghorbani R. Drive Cycle Generation for Design Optimization of Electric Vehicles. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology. 2013; 62(1): 89-97.
  • [23] Shi S., et al. Research on Markov Property Analysis of Driving Cycle. 2013 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Con-ference (VPPC). 2013; 1-5.
  • [24] Asus, Z., Aglzim, E., Chrenko D., Daud Z. C., Le Moyne L. Dynamic Modeling and Driving Cycle Prediction for a Racing Series Hybrid Car. IEEE Journal of Emerging and Se-lected Topics in Power Electronics. 2014; 2(3): 541-551.
  • [25] Xing J., Han X., Ye H., Cui Y., Ye, H. Driving cycle recognition for hybrid electric vehicle. 2014 IEEE Conference and Expo Transportation Electrification Asia-Pacific (ITEC Asia-Pacific). 2014; 1-6.
  • [26] Zhang B., Gao X., Xiong X., Wang X., Yang H. Devel-opment of the Driving Cycle for Dalian City. 2014 8th Interna-tional Conference on Future Generation Communication and Networking. 2014; 60-63.
  • [27] Nejad A. Z., Deilami S., Masoum M. A. S., Haghdadi N. Map-based linear estimation of drive cycle for hybrid electric vehicles. 2015 Australasian Universities Power Engineering Conference (AUPEC). 2015; 1-5.
  • [28] Nyberg P., Frisk E., Nielsen, L. Using Real-World Driv-ing Databases to Generate Driving Cycles With Equivalence Properties. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology. 2016; 65(6): 4095-4105.
  • [29] Divakarla K. P., Emadi A., Razavi, S. N. Journey Map-ping—A New Approach for Defining Automotive Drive Cycles. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications. 2016; 52(6): 5121-5129.
  • [30] Sun B. Driving cycle construction methodology based on Markov process and uniform distribution. 2016 35th Chi-nese Control Conference (CCC). 2016; 9300-9304.
  • [31] Chen Z., Li L. Yan B., Yang C., Marina Martínez C., Cao D. Multimode Energy Management for Plug-In Hybrid Electric Buses Based on Driving Cycles Prediction. IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems. 2016; 17(10): 2811-2821.
  • [32] Silvas E., Hereijgers K., Peng H., Hofman T., Steinbuch M. Synthesis of Realistic Driving Cycles With High Accuracy and Computational Speed, Including Slope Information. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology. 2016; 65(6): 4118-4128.
  • [33] Liessner R., Dietermann A. M., Bäker B., Lüpkes K.Derivation of real-world driving cycles corresponding to traf-fic situation and driving style on the basis of Markov models and cluster analyses. 6th Hybrid and Electric Vehicles Confer-ence (HEVC 2016). 2016; 1-7.
  • [34] Wang Y., Zhang N., Xia J., Liu B., Wu Y. An Intelligent Identification Method of Vehicle Driving Cycle Based on LVQ Model. 2017 10th International Symposium on Computational Intelligence and Design (ISCID). 2017; 240-243.
  • [35] Mahayadin A. R., et al. Development of Driving Cycle Construction Methodology in Malaysia's Urban Road System. 2018 International Conference on Computational Approach in Smart Systems Design and Applications (ICASSDA). 2018; 1-5.
  • [36] Zhang M., Shi S., Lin N., Yue B. High-Efficiency Driv-ing Cycle Generation Using a Markov Chain Evolution Algo-rithm. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology. 2019; 68(2): 1288-1301.
  • [37] Sun R., Tian Y., Zhang H., Yue R., Lv B., Chen J. Da-ta-Driven Synthetic Optimization Method for Driving Cycle Development. IEEE Access. 2019; 7: 162559-162570.
  • [38] Kharrazi S., Almén M., Frisk E., Nielsen L. Extending Behavioral Models to Generate Mission-Based Driving Cycles for Data-Driven Vehicle Development. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology. 2019; 68(2): 1222-1230.
  • [39] Wasserburger A., Hametner C. Automated Generation of Real Driving Emissions Compliant Drive Cycles Using Con-ditional Probability Modeling. 2020 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC). 2020; 1-6.
  • [40] Förster D., Inderka R. B., Gauterin F. Data-Driven Iden-tification of Characteristic Real-Driving Cycles Based on k-Means Clustering and Mixed-Integer Optimization. IEEE Trans-actions on Vehicular Technology. 2020; 69(3): 2398-2410.
  • [41] Shi S., Zhang M., Lin N., Yue B. Low-Cost Reconstruc-tion of Typical Driving Cycles Based on Empirical Information and Low-Frequency Speed Data. IEEE Transactions on Vehicu-lar Technology. 2020; 69(8): 8221-8231.
  • [42] Zhang M., Cheng W., Shen Y. Designing Heavy-Duty Vehicles’ Four-Parameter Driving Cycles to Best Represent En-gine Distribution Consistency. IEEE Access. 2020; 8: 212079-212093.
  • [43] Staackmann M., Liaw B. Y., Yun D. Y. Y. Dynamic driving cycle analyses using electric vehicle time-series data. IECEC-97 Proceedings of the Thirty-Second Intersociety Ener-gy Conversion Engineering Conference. 1997; 2014-2018.
  • [44] Naylor S. M., Pickert V., Atkinson D. J. Fuel Cell Drive Train Systems -- Driving Cycle Evaluation of Potential Topolo-gies. 2006 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference. 2006; 1-6.
  • [45] Fan J., et al.Thermal Analysis of Permanent Magnet Motor for the Electric Vehicle Application Considering Driving Duty Cycle. IEEE Transactions on Magnetics. 2010; 46(6): 2493-2496.
  • [46] Chu L., Yin J., Yao L., Wang W. The method for matching the PMSM's base parameters of the Hybrid Electric Vehicle based on drive cycle. Proceedings of 2011 Internation-al Conference on Electronic & Mechanical Engineering and In-formation Technology. 2011; 3234-3237.
  • [47] Li J., Wang W., Liu G., Lu F. Simulation and emission experiment of Changan hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) under the Instable drive cycle conditions. 2011 International Conference on Electric Information and Control Engineering. 2011; 2578-2581.
  • [48] Rothe R., Hameyer K. Life expectancy calculation for electric vehicle traction motors regarding dynamic temperature and driving cycles. 2011 IEEE International Electric Machines & Drives Conference (IEMDC). 2011; 1306-1309.
  • [49] Juris P., Brune A.,Ponick B. A coupled thermal-electromagnetic energy consumption calculation for an electric vehicle with wheel hub drive considering different driving cy-cles. 2012 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference. 2012; 28-31.
  • [50] Chen L., Wang J., Lazari P., Xiao C. Optimizations of a permanent magnet machine targeting different driving cycles for electric vehicles. 2013 International Electric Machines & Drives Conference. 2013; 855-862.
  • [51] Wu X., Jiang T., Du J., Hu C. Comparison of different driving cycles control effects of an extended-range electric bus. Proceedings of 2013 2nd International Conference on Meas-urement, Information and Control. 2013; 1073-1076.
  • [52] Lintern M. A., Chen R., Carroll S., Walsh C. Simulation study on the measured difference in fuel consumption between real-world driving and ECE-15 of a hybrid electric vehicle. IET Hybrid and Electric Vehicles Conference (HEVC 2013). 2013; 1-6.
  • [53] Sridharan S., Krein P. T. Induction motor drive design for traction application based on drive-cycle energy minimiza-tion. 2014 IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition - APEC 2014. 2014; 1517-1521.
  • [54] Yingnan W., Zhu W., Schaefer U. Study on the real time driving cycles and its influence on design of the electrical motor of EV. 2014 IEEE Conference and Expo Transportation Electrification Asia-Pacific (ITEC Asia-Pacific). 2014; 1-6.
  • [55] Patel V.I., Wang J., Wang W., Chen X. Thermal design and analysis of 6-phase fractional slot permanent magnet ma-chines considering driving cycles. 7th IET International Con-ference on Power Electronics, Machines and Drives (PEMD). 2014;1-6.
  • [56] Günther S., Ulbrich S., Hofmann W. Driving cycle-based design optimization of interior permanent magnet syn-chronous motor drives for electric vehicle application. 2014 In-ternational Symposium on Power Electronics, Electrical Drives, Automation and Motion. 2014; 25-30.
  • [57] Boscaino V., Miceli R. Analysis of driving cycles ef-fects on power supply requirements of a fuel cell powered light-weight electric vehicle. 2015 IEEE International Electric Machines & Drives Conference (IEMDC), 2015; 853-859.
  • [58] Carraro E., Morandin M., Bianchi N. Traction PMASR Motor Optimization According to a Given Driving Cycle. in IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications. 2016; 52(1): 209-216.
  • [59] Arfa Grunditz E., Thiringer T. Characterizing BEV Powertrain Energy Consumption, Efficiency, and Range During Official and Drive Cycles From Gothenburg, Sweden. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology. 2016; 65(6,): 3964-3980.
  • [60] Fen G., Fei Z. A study of driving cycle for electric cars on Beijing urban and suburban roads. 2016 IEEE International Conference on Power and Renewable Energy (ICPRE). 2016; 319-322.
  • [61] Degrenne N., Mollov S. Real-life vs. standard driving cycles and implications on EV power electronic reliability. IECON 2016 - 42nd Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society. 2016; 2177-2182.
  • [62] Li Q., Fan T., Wen X., Li Y., Wang Z., Guo J. Design optimization of interior permanent magnet sychronous ma-chines for traction application over a given driving cycle. IECON 2017 - 43rd Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society. 2017; 1900-1904.
  • [63] Kitzberger M., Bramerdorfer G., Silber S., Mitterhofer H., Amrhein W. Influence of Hysteresis and Eddy Current Losses on Electric Drive Energy Balance in Driving Cycle Op-eration,. 2018 8th International Electric Drives Production Con-ference (EDPC). 2018; 1-7.
  • [64] Charadsuksawat A., Laoonual Y., Chollacoop N. Com-parative Study of Hybrid Electric Vehicle and Conventional Vehicle Under New European Driving Cycle and Bangkok Driving Cycle. 2018 IEEE Transportation Electrification Con-ference and Expo, Asia-Pacific (ITEC Asia-Pacific). 2018; 1-6.
  • [65] Tan D., Xue H., Yang K., Li A., Wang H. Study on the Thermal Characteristics of In-Wheel Motor Drive System Based on Driving Cycles. IEEE Access. 2019; 7: 14463-14471.
  • [66] Tian L. Wu L., Huang X., Fang Y.Driving range para-metric analysis of electric vehicles driven by interior permanent magnet motors considering driving cycles. CES Transactions on Electrical Machines and Systems. 2019; 3(4): 377-381.
  • [67] Lekshmi S., Lal P. P. S. Range Extension of Electric Vehicles with Independently Driven Front and Rear PMSM Drives by Optimal Driving and Braking Torque Distribution. 2020 IEEE International Conference on Power Electronics, Smart Grid and Renewable Energy (PESGRE2020). 2020; 1-6.
  • [68] Vignesh S., Bhateshvar Y. K., Agrewale M. R. B., Vora K. C. Significance of Driving Cycle on Performance Parameters and Range in Small Electric Vehicle. 2020 IEEE First Interna-tional Conference on Smart Technologies for Power, Energy and Control (STPEC). 2020; 1-5.
  • [69] Sun X., Shi Z., Cai Y., Lei G., Guo Y., Zhu J. Driving-Cycle-Oriented Design Optimization of a Permanent Magnet Hub Motor Drive System for a Four-Wheel-Drive Electric Ve-hicle. IEEE Transactions on Transportation Electrification. 2020; 6(3): 1115-1125.
  • [70] Sarathkumar T. V., Poornanand M., Goswami A. K. Modelling and Simulation of Electric Vehicle Drive Through SAEJ227 & EUDC Cycles. 2020 IEEE Students Conference on Engineering & Systems (SCES). 2020; 1-5.
  • [71] Diao K., Sun X., Lei G., Bramerdorfer G., Guo Y., Zhu J. System-Level Robust Design Optimization of a Switched Reluctance Motor Drive System Considering Multiple Driving Cycles. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion. 2021; 36(1): 348-357.
  • [72] Demir U., Kocabıcak Z. K. Performance assessments of the material for the traction motor cores of an electric racing kart. Material Testing. 2021; 63(6): 519-528.
  • [73] Bagheri M., Farjah E., Ghanbari T. Selective Utilized Phase Number of Multiphase Induction Motors Strategy to En-hance Electric Vehicles’ Drive Range. 12th Power Electronics, Drive Systems, and Technologies Conference (PEDSTC). 2021; 1-5.
  • [74] Demir U. Improvement of the power to weight ratio for an induction traction motor using design of experiment on neu-ral network. Electr Eng. 2021; 103: 2267–2284.
  • [75] Karlsson A. Test Procedures and Evaluation Tools for Passenger Vehicle Dynamics. Master Thesis, Chalmers Univer-sity of Technology. 2014.
  • [76] Demir U. IM to IPM design transformation using neural network and DoE approach considering the efficiency and range extension of an electric vehicle. Electr Eng. 2022; 104: 1141–1152.
  • [77] Gillespie T. Fundamentals of Vehicle Dynamics. War-rendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE). 1992.
  • [78] Besselink I.J.M., Schmeitz A.J.C., Pacejka, H. B. An improved Magic Formula/Swift tyre model that can handle in-flation pressure changes. Vehicle System Dynam-ics :International Journal of Vehicle Mechanics and Mobility. 2010; 48(1): 42-3114.
  • [79] Pacejka, H. B. Tire and Vehicle Dynamics. United Kingdom: SAE and Butterworth-Heinemann, 3rd ed. Oxford. 2012.
  • [79] Schmid S. R., Hamrock B. J., Jacobson B. O. Fundamentals of Machine Elements. Boca Raton: CRC Press 3rd ed. 2014.
  • [80] Kim S. H., Chu C. N. A new manual steering torque estimation model for steer-by-wire systems. Proc IMechE Part D: J Automo-bile Engineering. 2016; 230 (7): 993-1008.
  • [81] Na S., Li Z., Quiu F., Zhang C. Torque control of electric pow-er steering system based on improved active disturbance rejection control. Mathematical Problems in Engineering. 2020; 6509607: 13.
  • [82] Jalali, K., Uchida, T., McPhee, J., Lambert, S. Development of an Advanced Fuzzy Active Steering Controller and a Novel Method to Tune the Fuzzy Controller. SAE Int. J. Passeng. Cars – Electron. Electr. Syst. 2013; 6: 241–254.
  • [83] Shuai Y., Li G., Xu J., Zhang H. An Effective Ship Control Strategy for Collision-Free Maneuver Toward a Dock. IEEE Access. 2020; 8: 110140-110152.
  • [84] Mukherjee S., Mohan D., Gawade, T.R. Three-wheeled scooter taxi: A safety analysis. Sadhana. 2007; 32: 459–478.
Toplam 84 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Elektrik Mühendisliği
Bölüm Research Articles
Yazarlar

Uğur Demir 0000-0001-7557-3637

Zeliha Kamış Kocabıçak 0000-0003-3292-8324

Proje Numarası -
Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2022
Gönderilme Tarihi 21 Eylül 2022
Kabul Tarihi 10 Kasım 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 6 Sayı: 4

Kaynak Göster

APA Demir, U., & Kamış Kocabıçak, Z. (2022). Investigation on Different Driving Cycle and Scenarios Considering the Autonomous Electric Vehicles. International Journal of Automotive Science And Technology, 6(4), 364-378. https://doi.org/10.30939/ijastech..1178321
AMA Demir U, Kamış Kocabıçak Z. Investigation on Different Driving Cycle and Scenarios Considering the Autonomous Electric Vehicles. ijastech. Aralık 2022;6(4):364-378. doi:10.30939/ijastech.1178321
Chicago Demir, Uğur, ve Zeliha Kamış Kocabıçak. “Investigation on Different Driving Cycle and Scenarios Considering the Autonomous Electric Vehicles”. International Journal of Automotive Science And Technology 6, sy. 4 (Aralık 2022): 364-78. https://doi.org/10.30939/ijastech. 1178321.
EndNote Demir U, Kamış Kocabıçak Z (01 Aralık 2022) Investigation on Different Driving Cycle and Scenarios Considering the Autonomous Electric Vehicles. International Journal of Automotive Science And Technology 6 4 364–378.
IEEE U. Demir ve Z. Kamış Kocabıçak, “Investigation on Different Driving Cycle and Scenarios Considering the Autonomous Electric Vehicles”, ijastech, c. 6, sy. 4, ss. 364–378, 2022, doi: 10.30939/ijastech..1178321.
ISNAD Demir, Uğur - Kamış Kocabıçak, Zeliha. “Investigation on Different Driving Cycle and Scenarios Considering the Autonomous Electric Vehicles”. International Journal of Automotive Science And Technology 6/4 (Aralık 2022), 364-378. https://doi.org/10.30939/ijastech. 1178321.
JAMA Demir U, Kamış Kocabıçak Z. Investigation on Different Driving Cycle and Scenarios Considering the Autonomous Electric Vehicles. ijastech. 2022;6:364–378.
MLA Demir, Uğur ve Zeliha Kamış Kocabıçak. “Investigation on Different Driving Cycle and Scenarios Considering the Autonomous Electric Vehicles”. International Journal of Automotive Science And Technology, c. 6, sy. 4, 2022, ss. 364-78, doi:10.30939/ijastech. 1178321.
Vancouver Demir U, Kamış Kocabıçak Z. Investigation on Different Driving Cycle and Scenarios Considering the Autonomous Electric Vehicles. ijastech. 2022;6(4):364-78.

Cited By

Analysis of the operating characteristics of hydrogen PEM fuel cell and battery onelectric vehicle in different driving cycles
Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy
https://doi.org/10.1002/ep.14146


International Journal of Automotive Science and Technology (IJASTECH) is published by Society of Automotive Engineers Turkey

by.png