Araştırma Makalesi
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Kentsel Mekânda Soğutma Yayılımının Araştırılması, İzmir Örneği

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 21 Sayı: 2, 453 - 480, 30.10.2023
https://doi.org/10.33688/aucbd.1340464

Öz

Kentsel mekânda, doğal ve doğal olmayan yeşil- mavi altyapı elemanları bitki örtüsüz alanların ısınma etkisine karşı yerel sıcaklıkları düzenlenme konusunda önemli rol oynamaktadır. Kentsel mekânda sıcaklığın mekânsal dağılımını biçimlendiren bu alanlar, kentsel soğuk ada olarak adlandırılmaktadır. Bu çalışma İzmir kentsel alanı yüzey sıcaklığı (YS) mekânsal dağılımını etkileyen unsurların araştırılmasında bir yöntem geliştirmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Kentsel soğuk adaların sınırlarının tespiti için uzaktan algılama ve mekânsal istatistik yöntemlerinden yararlanılarak bir yöntem önerilmiştir. Kentsel mekânda soğutma kapasitesinin incelenmesinde soğutma yayılım alanı ölçüt olarak belirlenmiştir. Çalışma kapsamında, kentsel soğuk ada büyüklüğü ve soğutma şiddetinin yayılım alanıyla ilişkisi ölçülmüştür. Elde edilen bulgular, soğutma etkisi yayılım alanını açıklamada kentsel soğuk ada büyüklüğünün soğutma şiddetine göre çok daha etkili olduğunu ortaya koymuştur. Sonuç olarak, çalışmanın geliştirdiği araştırma yaklaşımı ve elde ettiği sonuçların sürdürülebilir kentsel planlama ve yönetim bağlamında iklim değişikliğine uyum sürecinde kent bütününde sıcaklığın desenini belirleyen unsurları araştıran kısıtlı sayıdaki çalışmalara katkı sunacaktır.

Teşekkür

Tez izleme komitesinde yer alan Prof. Dr. Çiğdem Coşkun Hepcan ve Prof. Dr. Mediha Burcu Sılaydın’a katkılarından dolayı teşekkür ederim.

Kaynakça

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  • Cheung, P. K., Jim, C. Y. (2019). Differential cooling effects of landscape parameters in humid-subtropical urban parks. Landscape and Urban Planning, 192, 103- 651. doi: 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2019.103651
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  • Du, C., Jia, W., Chen, M., Yan, L., W. K. (2022). How can urban parks be planned to maximize cooling effect in hot extremes? Linking maximum and accumulative perspectives. Journal of Environment Management, 317, 115346. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115346
  • Ekwe, M.C., Adamu, F., Gana, J., Nwafor, G.C., Aderoju, O.M. (2020). The effect of greenspaces on the urban thermal environment during a hot-dry season: A case study of Port HarcourtNigeria. Environ Dev Sustain., 23, 10056–10079. doi: 10.1007/s10668-020-01046-9
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  • Gao, Z., Zaitchik, B., Hou, Y., Chen, W. (2022). Toward park design optimization to mitigate the urban heat Island: Assessment of the cooling effect in five U.S. cities. Sustainable Cities and Society, 81, 103870. doi: 10.1016/j.scs.2022.103870
  • Geng, X., Yu, Z., Zhang, D., Li, C.,Yuan (2022). The influence of local background climate on the dominant factors and threshold-size of the cooling effect of urban parks. Science of the Total Environment, 823, 153806-153816. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153806
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  • Guo, G., Wu, Z., Chen, Y. (2019). Complex mechanisms linking land surface temperature to greenspace spatial patterns: Evidence from four southeastern Chinese cities. Science of the Total Environment, 674, 77–87. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.402
  • Fan, H., Yu, Z., Yang, G., Liu, T., Liu, T., Hung, C., Vejre, H. (2019). How to cool hot-humid (Asian) cities with urban trees? An optimal landscape size perspective. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 265, 338–348. doi: 10.1016/j.agrformet.2018.11.027
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  • Kesgin Atak, B. (2020). Analysing the relationships between land use/land cover and urban land surface temperature using regression tree in İzmir. International Journal of Geography and Geography Education (IGGE), 41, 280-291. doi: 10.32003/igge.632841
  • Kesgin Atak, B., Ersoy Tonyalıoğlu, E. (2020). Alan kullanım/arazi örtüsü ve bitki örtüsündeki değişimin arazi yüzey sıcaklığına etkisinin değerlendirilmesi: Aydın ili örneği. Türkiye Ormancılık Dergisi, 21(4), 489-497. doi: 10.18182/tjf.786827
  • Kong, F., Yin, H., Wang, C., Cavan, G., James, P. (2014). A satellite image-based analysis of factors contributing to the green-space cool island intensity on a city scale. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening, 13, 846-853. doi: 10.1016/j.ufug.2014.09.009
  • Kuşçu Şimşek, Ç., Şengezer, B. (2012). İstanbul Metropoliten Alanında Kentsel Isınmanın Azaltılmasında Yeşil Alanların Önemi. Megaron, 7(2),116-128. http://jag.journalagent.com/megaron/pdfs/MEGARON_7_2_116_128.pdf adresinden edinilmiştir.
  • Leconte, P., Bouyer, J. Claverie., R., Petrissans, M. (2015). Using Local Climate Zone scheme for UHI assessment: Evaluation of the method using mobile measurements. Building and Environment, 83, 39-49. doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2014.05.005
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  • Orhan, O. (2021). Mersin ilindeki kentsel büyümenin yer yüzey sıcaklığı üzerine etkisinin araştırılması. Geomatik Dergisi, 6(1), 69-76. doi:10.29128/geomatik.679858
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Investigating cooling extend in the urban area, case of İzmir

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 21 Sayı: 2, 453 - 480, 30.10.2023
https://doi.org/10.33688/aucbd.1340464

Öz

In urban space, green-blue infrastructure plays an important role in regulating local temperatures against the heating effect of areas without vegetation. These areas, which shape the spatial distribution of temperature in urban space, are called urban cold islands. This study aims to develop a method for investigating the factors affecting the spatial distribution of land surface temperature (LST). A method has been proposed for extracting the boundary of urban cold islands by using remote sensing and spatial statistics methods. Cooling extend was determined as a measure in analyzing cooling capacity of urban environment. According to scope of the study, the relationship between both of size of urban cool island and cooling intensity, and cooling extend was measured, then, discussed the impact on local climate conditions. The findings showed that size of urban cool island was more effective than the intensity in explaining cooling extend. As a result, the research approach and the findings will insight for mitigation of urban heat island effect in the context of sustainable urban planning and management.

Kaynakça

  • Baykara, M. (2023). An assessment of long-term urban heat ısland ımpact on İstanbul’s climate, International Journal of Environment and Geoinformatics, 10(2), 40-47. doi. 10.30897/ijegeo.1230381
  • Bolund, P., Hunhammer, S. (1999). Ecosystem services in urban areas. Ecological Economics, 29, 293-301. doi: 10.1016/S0921-8009(99)00013-0
  • Breiman, L. (2001). Random forests. Machine Learning, 45, 5–32. doi: 10.1023/A:1010933404324
  • C40 Cities (2020). A global opportunity for cities to lead.
  • Cao, X., Onishi, A., Chen, J., Imura, H. (2010). Quantifying the cool island intensity of urban parks using ASTER and IKONOS data. Landscape and Urban Planning, 96, 224-231. doi: 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2010.03.008
  • Chang, C. R., Li, M. H. (2014). Effects of urban parks on the local urban thermal environment. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 13, 672-681. doi: 10.1016/j.ufug.2014.08.001
  • Chen, X., Su, Y., Dan, L., Huang, G., Chen, W., Chen, S. (2012). Study on the cooling effects of urban parks on surrounding environments using LandsatTM data: A case study in Guangzhou, southern China, International Journal of Remote Sensing, 33(18), 5889-5914. doi: 10.1080/01431161.2012.676743
  • Cheng, X., Wei, B., Chen, G., Li, J., Song, C. (2015). Influence of Park Size and Its Surrounding Urban Landscape Patterns on the Park Cooling Effect. J. Urban Plann. Dev., 141(3), A4014002 1-10 doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)UP.1943-5444.0000256
  • Cheung, P. K., Jim, C. Y. (2019). Differential cooling effects of landscape parameters in humid-subtropical urban parks. Landscape and Urban Planning, 192, 103- 651. doi: 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2019.103651
  • Çubukçu, K. M. (2015). Basic Statistics and Spatial Statistics in Planning and Geography (1). Ankara: Nobel Academic Publications.
  • Das, M., Das, A., Momin, S. (2022). Quantifying the cooling effect of urban green space: A case from urban parks in a tropical mega metropolitan area (India). Sustainable Cities and Society, 87, 104062. doi: 10.1016/j.scs.2022.104062
  • Du, S., Xiong, Z., Wang, Y., Guo, L. (2016). Quantifying the multilevel effects of landscape composition and configuration on land surface temperature. Remote Sensing of Environment, 178, 84-92. doi: 10.1016/j.rse.2016.02.063
  • Du, H., Cai, W., Xu, Y., Wang, Z.,Wang, Y., Cai, Y. (2017). Quantifying the cool island effects of urban green spaces using remote sensing data. Urban For. Urban Green, 27, 24–31. doi: 10.1016/j.ufug.2017.06.008
  • Du, C., Jia, W., Chen, M., Yan, L., W. K. (2022). How can urban parks be planned to maximize cooling effect in hot extremes? Linking maximum and accumulative perspectives. Journal of Environment Management, 317, 115346. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115346
  • Ekwe, M.C., Adamu, F., Gana, J., Nwafor, G.C., Aderoju, O.M. (2020). The effect of greenspaces on the urban thermal environment during a hot-dry season: A case study of Port HarcourtNigeria. Environ Dev Sustain., 23, 10056–10079. doi: 10.1007/s10668-020-01046-9
  • Hardin, P. J., Jensen, R. R. (2007). The effect of urban leaf area on summertime urban surface kinetic temperatures: A Terre Haute case study. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 6(2), 63-72. doi: 10.1016/j.ufug.2007.01.005
  • Gao, Z., Zaitchik, B., Hou, Y., Chen, W. (2022). Toward park design optimization to mitigate the urban heat Island: Assessment of the cooling effect in five U.S. cities. Sustainable Cities and Society, 81, 103870. doi: 10.1016/j.scs.2022.103870
  • Geng, X., Yu, Z., Zhang, D., Li, C.,Yuan (2022). The influence of local background climate on the dominant factors and threshold-size of the cooling effect of urban parks. Science of the Total Environment, 823, 153806-153816. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153806
  • Guo, G., Wu, Z., Xiao, R., Chen, Y., Liu, X., Zhang, X. (2015). Impacts of urban biophysical composition on land surface temperature in urban heat island clusters. Landscape and Urban Planning, 135, 1-10. doi: 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2014.11.007
  • Guo, G., Wu, Z., Chen, Y. (2019). Complex mechanisms linking land surface temperature to greenspace spatial patterns: Evidence from four southeastern Chinese cities. Science of the Total Environment, 674, 77–87. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.402
  • Fan, H., Yu, Z., Yang, G., Liu, T., Liu, T., Hung, C., Vejre, H. (2019). How to cool hot-humid (Asian) cities with urban trees? An optimal landscape size perspective. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 265, 338–348. doi: 10.1016/j.agrformet.2018.11.027
  • İzmir Büyükşehir Belediyesi (İBB) (2019). 2015-2019 Stratejik Planı, İzmir.
  • İzmir Büyükşehir Belediyesi (İZŞB) ve Peyzaj Araştırmaları Derneği (2019). İklim Değişikliğine Dirençli Kentler için bir Çerçeve: Yeşil Odaklı Uyarlama Kılavuzu, Pardus Yayınevi.
  • Kesgin Atak, B. (2020). Analysing the relationships between land use/land cover and urban land surface temperature using regression tree in İzmir. International Journal of Geography and Geography Education (IGGE), 41, 280-291. doi: 10.32003/igge.632841
  • Kesgin Atak, B., Ersoy Tonyalıoğlu, E. (2020). Alan kullanım/arazi örtüsü ve bitki örtüsündeki değişimin arazi yüzey sıcaklığına etkisinin değerlendirilmesi: Aydın ili örneği. Türkiye Ormancılık Dergisi, 21(4), 489-497. doi: 10.18182/tjf.786827
  • Kong, F., Yin, H., Wang, C., Cavan, G., James, P. (2014). A satellite image-based analysis of factors contributing to the green-space cool island intensity on a city scale. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening, 13, 846-853. doi: 10.1016/j.ufug.2014.09.009
  • Kuşçu Şimşek, Ç., Şengezer, B. (2012). İstanbul Metropoliten Alanında Kentsel Isınmanın Azaltılmasında Yeşil Alanların Önemi. Megaron, 7(2),116-128. http://jag.journalagent.com/megaron/pdfs/MEGARON_7_2_116_128.pdf adresinden edinilmiştir.
  • Leconte, P., Bouyer, J. Claverie., R., Petrissans, M. (2015). Using Local Climate Zone scheme for UHI assessment: Evaluation of the method using mobile measurements. Building and Environment, 83, 39-49. doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2014.05.005
  • Lee, D., Oh, K. (2018). Classifying urban climate zones (UCZs) based on statistical analysis. Urban Climate, 24, 503-516. doi: 10.1016/j.uclim.2017.06.005
  • Lin, W., Yuc, T., Changa, X., Wua, W., Zhanga, Y. (2015). Calculating cooling extents of green parks using remote sensing: Method and test. Landscape and Urban Planning, 134, 66–75. doi: 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2014.10.012
  • Liu, L., Lin, Y., Wang, L., Wang, D., TShui, T., Chen, X. (2017). Analysis of local-scale urban heat island characteristics using an integrated method of mobile measurement and GIS-based spatial interpolation. Building and Environment, 117, 191-207. doi: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2017.03.013
  • Liu, L., Lin, Y., Wang, L., Cao, J., Wang, D., Xue, P., Liu, J. (2017). An integrated local climatic evaluation system for green sustainable eco-city construction: A case study in Shenzhen, China. Building and Environment, 114, 82-95. doi: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2016.12.018
  • Meteoroloji Genel Müdürlüğü (2022, Nisan). Resmi İstatistikler. 20 Nisan, 2023 tarihinde https://www.mgm.gov.tr/veridegerlendirme/il-ve-ilceler-istatistik.aspx?m=IZMIR adresinden edinilmiştir.
  • Nemani, R., Running, S. (1989). Estimation of regional surface resistance toevapotranspiration from NDVI and thermal-IR AVHRR data. Journal of Applied Meteorology, 28(4), 276–284. doi: 10.1175/1520-0450(1989)028<0276:EORSRT>2.0.CO;2
  • Orhan, O. (2021). Mersin ilindeki kentsel büyümenin yer yüzey sıcaklığı üzerine etkisinin araştırılması. Geomatik Dergisi, 6(1), 69-76. doi:10.29128/geomatik.679858
  • Peng, F., Wong, M. S., Ho, H. C., Nichol, J., Chan, P.W. (2017). Reconstruction of historical datasets for analyzing spatiotemporal influence of built environment on urban microclimates across a compact city. Building and Environment, 123, 649-660. doi: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2017.07.038
  • Peng, J., Liu, Q., Xu, Z., Lyu, D., Du, Y., Qiao, Wu, J. (2020). How to effectively mitigate urban heat island effect? A perspective of waterbody patch size threshold. Landscape and Urban Planning, 202, 103873-103883.doi: 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2020.103873
  • Peng, J., Dan, Y., Qiao, R., Liu, Y., Dong, J., Wu, J. (2021). How to quantify the cooling effect of urban parks? Linking maximum and accumulation perspectives. Remote Sensing of Environment, 252, 112135. doi: 10.1016/j.rse.2020.112135
  • Rakoto P. Y., Deilami, K., Hurley, J., Amati, J., Sun, Q. (2021). Revisiting the cooling effects of urban greening: Planning implications of vegetation types and spatial configuration. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 64, 127-266. doi: 10.1016/j.ufug.2021.127266
  • Ren, Z., He, X., Zheng, H., Zhang, D., Yu, X., Shen, G., Guo, R. (2013). Estimation of the Relationship between Urban Park Characteristics and Park Cool Island Intensity by Remote Sensing Data and Field Measurement. Forests. 4, 868-886. doi: 10.3390/f4040868
  • Rogerson, P. A. (2010). Statistical Methods for Geography: A Student's Guide. (4th Edition ed.). Sage Publications.
  • Quin Z., Zhang M., Amon K., Pedro B. (2001). Mono­window algorithm for retrieving land surface temperature from Landsat TM 6 data. Acta Geogr. Sin., 56, 456­-466.
  • Sekertekin, A., Kutoglu, S. H., Kaya, S. (2016). Evaluation of spatio-temporal variability in land surface temperature: A case study of Zonguldak, Turkey. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 188(1), 30. doi: 10.1007/s10661-015-5032-2
  • Shi, M., Chen, M., Jia, W., Du, C., Wang, Y. (2023). Cooling effect and cooling accessibility of urban parks during hot summers in China’s largest sustainability experiment. Sustainable Cities and Society, 93, 104519. doi: 10.1016/j.scs.2023.104519
  • Shih, W. (2017). Greenspace patterns and the mitigation of land surface temperature in Taipei metropolis. Habitat International, 60, 69- 80. doi: 10.1016/j.habitatint.2016.12.006
  • Sun, X., Tan, X., Chen, K., Song, S., Zhu, X., Hou, D. (2020). Quantifying landscape-metrics impacts on urban greenspaces and waterbodies cooling effect: The study of Nanjing, China. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 55, 126838- 126849. doi: 10.1016/j.ufug.2020.126838
  • Şentürk, Y., Çubukçu, K. M. (2022). Kentsel Soğuk Alan Kapasitesinin Araştırılması, İzmir Örneği. Çevre, Şehir ve İklim Dergisi, 1,106-126. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/csid/issue/69388/1102333 adresinden edinilmiştir.
  • Şentürk, Y., Çubukçu, K. M. (2023). Kentsel Yeşil Alanların Yerel İklime Etkileri: Mekânsal Planlamaya Öneriler. Saygın, H, Balyemez, S., Oral, H.V. (Eds) içinde Sürdürülebilir Kent Planlama Ekseninde Enerji Verimliliği ve Ekoloji (s. 103-130). Nobel Akademik Yayınları.
  • Tan, P. N., Steinbach, M., Kumar. V. (2005). Introduction to Data Mining. (1st Edition ed.). Addison Wesley.
  • Ünal, Y. S., Sonuc, C. Y., Incecik, S., Topcu, H. S., Diren-Ustun, D. H., Temizoz, H. P. (2020). Investigating urban heat island intensity in Istanbul. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 139(1–2), 175–190. doi.10.1007/s00704-019-02953-2 Ünal Çiçek, M. (2022). Kentsel Yüzey Isı adalarının belirlenmesinde yer yüzey sıcaklık verilerinin kullanımı. Avrupa Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi, 33, 213-222. doi: 10.31590/ejosat.1039572
  • Vidrih, B., Medved, S. (2013). Multiparametric model of urban park cooling island. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 12 (2013) 220– 229. doi: 10.1016/j.ufug.2013.01.002
  • Yamak, B., Yağcı, Z., Bilgilioğlu, B. B., Comert, R. (2021). Investigation of the effect of urbanization on land surface temperature example of Bursa. International Journal of Engineering and Geosciences, 6(1), 1-8. doi: 10.26833/ijeg.658377
  • Yu, Z., Yang, G., Zuo, S., Jørgensen, G., Koga, M., Vejre, H. (2020). Critical review on the cooling effect of urban blue-green space: a threshold-size perspective. Urban For. Urban Green. 49, 1–11. doi: 10.1016/j.ufug.2020.126630
  • Yüksel, A., Coşkun Hepcan, Ç. (2023). Kentsel Yüzey sıcaklığı ve mavi-yeşil altyapı ilişkisi: Karşıyaka Örneği . Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 20(1), 91-98. doi: 10.25308/aduziraat.1214763
  • Wang, C., Zhu, W. (2011). Analysis of the Impact of Urban Wetland on Urban Temperature Based on Remote Sensing Technology. Procedia Environmental Sciences, 10,1546-1552. doi: 10.1016/j.proenv.2011.09.246
  • Zhang Y., Murray, A. T., Turner, B. I. (2017). Optimizing green space locations to reduce daytime and nighttime urban heat island effects in Phoenix, Arizona. Landscape and Urban Planning, 165, 162-171. doi: 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2017.04.009
  • Zheng, Y., Ren, C., Shi, Y., Yim, S., Lai, D., Xu, Y., Fang, C., Li, W. (2023). Mapping the spatial distribution of nocturnal urban heat island based on Local Climate Zone framework. Building and Environment, 234, 110197. doi: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2023.110197
Toplam 57 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Arazi Kullanımı ve Çevre Planlaması, Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri ve Mekansal Veri Modelleme
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Yasemin Şentürk 0000-0002-7158-6657

K. Mert Çubukçu 0000-0003-3604-7014

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 12 Ekim 2023
Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Ekim 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 21 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Şentürk, Y., & Çubukçu, K. M. (2023). Kentsel Mekânda Soğutma Yayılımının Araştırılması, İzmir Örneği. Coğrafi Bilimler Dergisi, 21(2), 453-480. https://doi.org/10.33688/aucbd.1340464