Abstract
Bu çalışmanın amacı 2004-2022 dönemi için Türkiye’de üniversite veya üzeri bir dereceden mezun bireylerin ücretlerinin lise mezunu bireylerin ücretlerine oranlanması ile elde edilen Yükseköğretim Ücret Primini (YÖÜP) sektörel bazda hesaplamak ve analiz etmektir. Bu amaç doğrultusunda YÖÜP iki şekilde hesaplanmıştır. İlk durumda YÖÜP regresyon analizine dayalı olmaksızın diğer bir ifade ile ücretleri etkileyen diğer faktörler kontrol edilmeksizin hesaplanırken, ikinci durumda ise ücretleri etkileyen diğer faktörler de kontrol edilerek yarı logaritmik bir ücret denkleminin En Küçük Kareler tahmin yöntemi ile tahmin edilmesi sonucu regresyona dayalı bir şekilde hesaplanmıştır. Regresyon analizine dayalı sonuçlar YÖÜP’ün özel sektörde ve kamu sektöründe çalışanlar için önemli ölçüde farklılık sergilediğini göstermiştir. Kamu sektöründe YÖÜP, 2004-2017 döneminde durağan bir seyir izlerken 2017’den sonra önemli düzeyde artış sergilemiştir. Özel sektörde ise 2004-2014 döneminde YÖÜP’de dikkate değer değişimler yaşanmazken, 2014’ten sonra önemli ölçüde azalışlar gerçekleşmiştir. Özel sektör için YÖÜP’deki azalışların en önemli nedeninin yükseköğretimin genişlemesine bağlı olarak göreli işgücü arzındaki artış olduğu söylenebilir.
Thanks
Prof. Dr. Anıl Akçağlayan ve Doç. Dr. Mustafa Torusdağ’a araştırmanın gelişimine yönelik önerilerinden ötürü teşekkür ederiz.
References
- Acemoglu, D. and Autor, D. (2011). Skills, Tasks and Technologies: Implications for Employment and Earnings. In Handbook of Labor Economics (Vol. 4, pp. 1043-1171). Elsevier.
- Autor, D. H., Levy, F., and Murnane, R. J. (2003). The Skill Content of Recent Technological Change: An Empirical Exploration. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 118(4), 1279-1333.
- Babataş, G. (2007). Beyin Göçü ve Türkiye’nin Sosyo-Ekonomik Yapısının Beyin Göçüne Etkisi. Öneri Dergisi, 7(28), 263-266.
- Bengali, L., Sander, M., Valetta, R. G. and Zhao, C. (2023). Falling College Wage Premiums by Race and Ethnicity. Federal Reserve Bank Of San Francisco Economic Letter, 2023-22. 1-6.
- Caner, A., Derebasoglu, M. D. and Okten, Cagla. (2022). Higher Education Expansion and College Wage Premium: Evidence from Turkey. 1-27. Access address: https://betam.bahcesehir.edu.tr/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/Higher-Education-Expansion-and-College-Wage-Premium-Evidence-from-Turkey.pdf
- Chen, C. L. and Chen, L. C. (2021). The Impact of Higher Education Expansion On the Educational Wage Premium in Taiwan: 1985 To 2015. International Journal of Financial Studies, 9 (3), 38.
- Crivellaro, E. (2013). College Wage Premium Over Time: Trends in Europe in The Last 15 Years. University Ca' Foscari of Venice, Departmen Of Economics Research Paper Series, 3, 1-39.
- DİSK-AR (2022) Asgari Ücret Gerçeği 2022 Raporu. Erişim Adresi: Https://Arastirma.Disk.Org.Tr/Wp-Content/Uploads/2021/12/Disk-AR-2022-Asgari-Ucret-Rapor-Aralik-2021-FINAL.Pdf
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- Eren, O. (2018). Evolution of the University Wage Premium in Turkey: 2004-2015. Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey (CBRT) Working Paper, 18(8), 1-17.
- Fernández, M. and Messina, J. (2018). Skill Premium, Labor Supply, And Changes in The Structure of Wages in Latin America. Journal of Development Economics, 135, 555-573.
- Hanehalkı İşgücü Araştırmaları 2004-2022. Erişim Adresi: https://www.tuik.gov.tr/Kurumsal/PDF_Detay Hynninen, S. M., Ojala, J. and Pehkonen, J. (2013). Technological Change and Wage Premiums: Historical Evidence from Linked Employer–Employee Data. Labour Economics, 24, 1-11.
- James, J. (2012). The College Wage Premium. The Research Department of the Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland. Economic Commentary, 1-4.
- Nietzel, M. T. (2020). New Report: The Size of The College Earnings Premium Depends On Where You Live. Forbes. Erişim Adresi: https://www.forbes.com/sites/michaeltnietzel/ 2020/05/19/new-report-the-size-of-the-college-earnings-premium-depends-on-where-you-live/?sh=56ca1bf42dc3
- OECD. (2011). What Are the Earnings Premiums from Education? In Education at a Glance 2011: OECD Indicators, OECD Publishing, Paris. 138-157.
- Öneri, İ. (2019). Türkiye'den Beyin Göçü (2007-2017). (Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Denizli.
- Özer, H. (2004). Nitel Değişkenli Ekonometrik Modeller: Teori ve Bir Uygulama. Ankara: Nobel Yayınları.
- Pardue, L. (2023). IN BRIEF: The College Wage Premium Through the COVID-19 Pandemic. Aspen Economic Strategy Group. Erişim Adresi: https://www.economicstrategygroup.org/ publication/in-brief-the-college-wage-premium-through-the-covid-19-pandemic/
- San, S. and Polat, Ö. (2012). Estimation of Public-Private Wage Differentials in Turkey With Sample Correction. The Developing Economies, 50 (3), 285-98.
- Strauss, H. and Maisonneuve, C. (2009). The Wage Premium on Tertiary Education: New Estimates for 21 OECD Countries. OECD Journal: Economic Studies, 1-29.
- Tansel, A. (2005). Public- Private Employment Choice, Wage Differentials and Gender in Turkey. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 53(2), 453-447.
- World Bank (2023). Research and Development Expenditure. Erişim Adresi: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?end=2021&start=1996&view=chart
- Wu, X. and Guo, M. (2022). Higher Education Expansion and The Changing College Wage Premium in Hong Kong, 1976-2016. Chinese Journal Of Sociology, 8(1), 3-162.
- Yalçıntaş, A. ve Akkaya, B. (2019). Türkiye’de Akademik Enflasyon: ‘’Her İle Bir Üniversite Politikası’’ Sonrasında Türk Yükseköğrenim Sistemi. Ankara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Dergisi, 74(3), 789-810.
- Yükseköğretim Kurumu (2023). Yükseköğretime İlişkin İstatistiksel Veriler. Erişim Adresi: https://istatistik.yok.gov.tr/
Abstract
This study aims to calculate and analyse the higher education wage premium (HEWP), which is obtained by dividing the wages of individuals with a university degree or higher by the wages of individuals with a high school degree, on a sectoral basis for the period 2004-2022 in Turkey. For this purpose, HEWP was calculated in two ways. In the first case, HEWP was calculated no based on regression analysis, in other words, without controlling other factors affecting wages, while in the second case, it was calculated based on regression by estimating a semi-logarithmic wage equation with the Least Squares estimation method, controlling for other factors affecting wages. The regression analysis results showed that HEWP differed significantly between private and public sector employees. While HEWP in the public sector remained stable over the period 2004-2017, there were significant increases in HEWP after 2017. The HEWP in the private sector had no notable changes from 2004 to 2014 but fell sharply from 2014 onwards. It can be said that the most important reason for the decrease in YÖÜP for the private sector is the increase in relative labor supply due to the expansion of higher education.
Keywords
Higher Education Wage Premium Relative Labor Supply Turkish Labor Market Technological Changes
References
- Acemoglu, D. and Autor, D. (2011). Skills, Tasks and Technologies: Implications for Employment and Earnings. In Handbook of Labor Economics (Vol. 4, pp. 1043-1171). Elsevier.
- Autor, D. H., Levy, F., and Murnane, R. J. (2003). The Skill Content of Recent Technological Change: An Empirical Exploration. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 118(4), 1279-1333.
- Babataş, G. (2007). Beyin Göçü ve Türkiye’nin Sosyo-Ekonomik Yapısının Beyin Göçüne Etkisi. Öneri Dergisi, 7(28), 263-266.
- Bengali, L., Sander, M., Valetta, R. G. and Zhao, C. (2023). Falling College Wage Premiums by Race and Ethnicity. Federal Reserve Bank Of San Francisco Economic Letter, 2023-22. 1-6.
- Caner, A., Derebasoglu, M. D. and Okten, Cagla. (2022). Higher Education Expansion and College Wage Premium: Evidence from Turkey. 1-27. Access address: https://betam.bahcesehir.edu.tr/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/Higher-Education-Expansion-and-College-Wage-Premium-Evidence-from-Turkey.pdf
- Chen, C. L. and Chen, L. C. (2021). The Impact of Higher Education Expansion On the Educational Wage Premium in Taiwan: 1985 To 2015. International Journal of Financial Studies, 9 (3), 38.
- Crivellaro, E. (2013). College Wage Premium Over Time: Trends in Europe in The Last 15 Years. University Ca' Foscari of Venice, Departmen Of Economics Research Paper Series, 3, 1-39.
- DİSK-AR (2022) Asgari Ücret Gerçeği 2022 Raporu. Erişim Adresi: Https://Arastirma.Disk.Org.Tr/Wp-Content/Uploads/2021/12/Disk-AR-2022-Asgari-Ucret-Rapor-Aralik-2021-FINAL.Pdf
- Eren, O. (2016). Türkiye’de Özel Sektör ve Kamu Ayrımında Eğitim Primi: 2004-2014. Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Merkez Bankası Ekonomi Notları Yayınları, 2016-07, 1-10.
- Eren, O. (2018). Evolution of the University Wage Premium in Turkey: 2004-2015. Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey (CBRT) Working Paper, 18(8), 1-17.
- Fernández, M. and Messina, J. (2018). Skill Premium, Labor Supply, And Changes in The Structure of Wages in Latin America. Journal of Development Economics, 135, 555-573.
- Hanehalkı İşgücü Araştırmaları 2004-2022. Erişim Adresi: https://www.tuik.gov.tr/Kurumsal/PDF_Detay Hynninen, S. M., Ojala, J. and Pehkonen, J. (2013). Technological Change and Wage Premiums: Historical Evidence from Linked Employer–Employee Data. Labour Economics, 24, 1-11.
- James, J. (2012). The College Wage Premium. The Research Department of the Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland. Economic Commentary, 1-4.
- Nietzel, M. T. (2020). New Report: The Size of The College Earnings Premium Depends On Where You Live. Forbes. Erişim Adresi: https://www.forbes.com/sites/michaeltnietzel/ 2020/05/19/new-report-the-size-of-the-college-earnings-premium-depends-on-where-you-live/?sh=56ca1bf42dc3
- OECD. (2011). What Are the Earnings Premiums from Education? In Education at a Glance 2011: OECD Indicators, OECD Publishing, Paris. 138-157.
- Öneri, İ. (2019). Türkiye'den Beyin Göçü (2007-2017). (Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Denizli.
- Özer, H. (2004). Nitel Değişkenli Ekonometrik Modeller: Teori ve Bir Uygulama. Ankara: Nobel Yayınları.
- Pardue, L. (2023). IN BRIEF: The College Wage Premium Through the COVID-19 Pandemic. Aspen Economic Strategy Group. Erişim Adresi: https://www.economicstrategygroup.org/ publication/in-brief-the-college-wage-premium-through-the-covid-19-pandemic/
- San, S. and Polat, Ö. (2012). Estimation of Public-Private Wage Differentials in Turkey With Sample Correction. The Developing Economies, 50 (3), 285-98.
- Strauss, H. and Maisonneuve, C. (2009). The Wage Premium on Tertiary Education: New Estimates for 21 OECD Countries. OECD Journal: Economic Studies, 1-29.
- Tansel, A. (2005). Public- Private Employment Choice, Wage Differentials and Gender in Turkey. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 53(2), 453-447.
- World Bank (2023). Research and Development Expenditure. Erişim Adresi: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS?end=2021&start=1996&view=chart
- Wu, X. and Guo, M. (2022). Higher Education Expansion and The Changing College Wage Premium in Hong Kong, 1976-2016. Chinese Journal Of Sociology, 8(1), 3-162.
- Yalçıntaş, A. ve Akkaya, B. (2019). Türkiye’de Akademik Enflasyon: ‘’Her İle Bir Üniversite Politikası’’ Sonrasında Türk Yükseköğrenim Sistemi. Ankara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Dergisi, 74(3), 789-810.
- Yükseköğretim Kurumu (2023). Yükseköğretime İlişkin İstatistiksel Veriler. Erişim Adresi: https://istatistik.yok.gov.tr/
Details
| Primary Language | Turkish |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Applied Microeconometrics, Labor Economics, Microeconomics (Other) |
| Journal Section | RESEARCH ARTICLES |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | April 30, 2024 |
| Submission Date | January 3, 2024 |
| Acceptance Date | April 2, 2024 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2024 Volume: 8 Issue: 1 |
