Research Article
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Informal Youth Employment in Turkey: Gender-Based Findings from the Labour Force Statistics

Year 2023, Volume: 13 Issue: 2 - Cilt 13, Sayı 2, 159 - 178, 28.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.32331/sgd.1408456

Abstract

Informal employment is the most essential dimension of the
informal economy and young people, who are the future
of society, are the age group most adversely affected by
informal employment. In this respect, informal employment
is often perceived as a low-paid, insecure, and precarious
form of work in which young people are mostly employed.
Moreover, the effects of informality in employment on
productivity, growth and working life lead to loss of fiscal
and social security revenues for governments, unfair
competition for firms and the lack of social security and
health services for workers. In this context, using the 2021
Turkey Household Labour Force Survey microdata, this
study presents an analysis examining the differences between
young women and men in the relationship between informal
employment and demographic and work-related contexts.
The research concluded that young men are more affected
than young women in terms of informal employment. Also,
the study reveals that young people with low education
are more likely to be informally employed in micro-size
enterprises, and part-time and low-wage jobs below the
minimum wage and that young people try to compensate for
their income gaps by seeking additional work.

References

  • Acharya, A., Vellakkal, S., Taylor, F., Masset, E., Satija, A., Burke, M. ve Ebr, S. (2012). The Impact of Health Insurance Schemes for the Informal Sector in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review. The World Bank Research Observer. doi:10.1093/wbro/lks009.
  • Angel-Urdinola, DF. ve Tanabe, K. (2012). Micro-Determinants of Informal Employment in the Middle East and North Africa Region. The World Bank SP Discussion Paper No: 1201. 1-41.
  • Angel-Urdinola, D., Reis, JG. & Quijada, C. (2009). Informality in Turkey: Size, Trends, Determinants and Consequences. Mimeo, World Bank, Washington D.C.
  • Ay, HM. (2008). Unregistered Employment in Turkey. Lex ET Scientia International Journal (LESIJ). 15(2). 366-377.
  • Başlevent, C. ve Acar, A. (2015). Recent Trends in Informal Employment in Turkey. Yıldız Social Science Review. 1(1). 77-88.
  • Bülbül, OG. (2012). Unregistered Employment Dynamics in Turkey: Unregistered Employment Which Phase of Informalization Process? International Journal of Social Sciences and Humanity Studies. 4(2). 375-385.
  • De Soto, H. (1989). The Other Path: The Invisible Revolution in the Third World. New York: Harper and Row.
  • Demirgil, H. (2014). Parametrik Olmayan (Non-Parametrik) Hipotez Testleri. SPSS Uygulamalı Çok Değişkenli İstatistik Teknikleri. (Editör: Şeref Kalaycı). 6. Baskı. Ankara: Asil Yayın Dağıtım. 85-112.
  • Doğrul, H. G. (2012). Determinants of Formal and Informal Sector Employment in the Urban Areas of Turkey. International Journal of Social Sciences and Humanity Studies. 217-231.
  • Goldin, N., Hobson, M., Glick, P., Lundberg, M. ve Puerto, S. (2015). Toward Solutions for Youth Employment: A Baseline Report for 2015. Solutions for Youth Employment. Washington D.C.
  • Gërxhani, K. (2004). The Informal Sector in Developed and Less Developed Countries: A Literature Survey. Public Choice. 120(3-4). 267-300.
  • Görmüş, A. (2019). Türkiye’de Tarımsal İstihdamın Cinsiyete Dayalı Yapısı ve Sosyal Politika Önerileri. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi. 14(3). 563-578.
  • Elveren, A. Y. (2015). The Impact of the Informal Employment on the Social Security Deficits in Turkey. World Journal of Applied Economics. 1(1). 3-19. doi:10.22440/EconWorld.J.2015.1.1.AE.0006.
  • Europen Union (2014). Social Agenda, Youth Employment. 02/2014 No: 36.
  • Fidan, H. & Genç, S. (2013). Kayıt Dışı İstihdam ve Kayıt Dışı İstihdama Etki Eden Mikro Faktörlerin Analizi: Türkiye Özel Sektörü Örneği. Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi. 5(9). 137-150.
  • Hart, K. (1973). Informal Income Opportunities and Urban Employment in Ghana. Journal of Modern African Studies. 11(1). 61-89.
  • ILO (1972). Employment, Income and Equality: A Strategy for Increasing Productivity in Kenya. Geneva.
  • ILO (2013). Labour Inspection and Undeclared Work in the EU. International Labour Office, Labour Administration and Inspection Programme (LAB/ADMIN). Geneva.
  • ILO (2015a). Youth and Informality Promoting Formal Employment Among Youth: Innovative Experiences in Latin America and The Caribbean. Peru.
  • ILO (2015b). Global Employment Trends for Youth 2015: Scaling up Investments in Decent Jobs for Youth. International Labour Office, Geneva.
  • ILO (2022a). World Employment and Social Outlook: Trends 2022. Geneva.
  • ILO (2022b). Global Employment Trends for Youth 2022, Investing in Transforming Futures for Young People. Geneva.
  • Longo, ME. (2020). Transcending Dichotomies: Informal Work, Young People and the State in Argentina. International Journal of Comparative Sociology. 61(2-3). 101–121. doi: 10.1177/0020715220905123.
  • OECD (2023). Employment Rate by Age Group (Indicator). [https://data.oecd.org]. (Erişim: 30 Haziran 2023).
  • OECD (2007). Jobs for Youth. Slovak Republic.
  • OECD (2004). Employment Outlook-2004. Portes, A., Castells, M. ve Benton, LA. (1989). The Informal Economy: Studies in Advanced and Less Developed Countries. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
  • Salem, MB., Bensidoun, I. ve Pelek, S. (2011). Informal Employment in Turkey: An Overview. Région et Développement. 34. 57-84.
  • Shehu, E. ve Nilsson, B. (2014). Informal Employment Among Youth: Evidence from 20 School-to-Work Transition Surveys. Work4Youth Publication Series No. 8. Geneva, ILO.
  • United Nations (2013). Fact Sheet, Definition of Youth. [http://www.un.org/esa/socdev/documents/youth/factsheets/ youth-definition.pdf]. (Erişim: 25 Haziran 2023).
  • The World Bank (2013). Youth Employment Programs: An Evaluation of World Bank and International Finance Corporation Support. Washington, D.C.
  • TÜİK (2022). İşgücü İstatistikleri Mikro Veri Seti. 2021. Yayın No: 4661. Ankara
  • TÜİK (2021). 2021 Hanehalkı İşgücü Anketi Mikro Verisi.
  • TÜİK (2023). 2014 ve Sonrası İşgücü İstatistikleri.
  • Wagstaff, A. (2010). Social Health Insurance Reexamined. Health Economics. 19(5). 503-517.
  • Vertot, N. (2009). Youth in Slovenia. Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia. Ljubljana.

Türkiye’de Kayıt Dışı Genç İstihdamı: Hanehalkı İşgücü İstatistiklerinden Cinsiyete Dayalı Bulgular

Year 2023, Volume: 13 Issue: 2 - Cilt 13, Sayı 2, 159 - 178, 28.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.32331/sgd.1408456

Abstract

Kayıt dışı istihdam kayıtsız ekonominin en önemli
boyutunu oluşturmaktadır ve bir toplumun geleceği olan
gençler kayıt dışı istihdamdan en olumsuz etkilenen yaş
grubudur. Bu açıdan kayıt dışı istihdam çoğu zaman daha
çok gençlerin istihdam edildiği düşük ücretli, güvencesiz
ve istikrarsız bir çalışma biçimi olarak algılanmaktadır.
Ayrıca istihdamda kayıt dışılığın verimlilik, büyüme ve
çalışma hayatı üzerindeki etkileri hükümetler için mali
ve sosyal güvenlik gelirlerinin kaybına, firmalar için
haksız rekabete ve çalışanlar için sosyal güvenlik ve
sağlık hizmetleri yoksunluğuna neden olmaktadır. Bu
bağlamda bu çalışma, 2021 Türkiye Hanehalkı İşgücü
Anketi mikro verisini kullanarak, kayıt dışı istihdamın
demografik ve işle ilgili bağlamlar ilişkisinde, genç kadın
ve erkekler arasındaki farklılıkları inceleyen bir analiz
sunmaktadır. Araştırma, genç erkeklerin kayıt dışı istihdam
açısından genç kadınlardan daha fazla etkilendiği sonucuna
ulaşmıştır. Ayrıca çalışma düşük eğitimli gençlerin mikro
ölçekli işyerlerinde, kısmi süreli ve asgari ücretin altında
düşük ücretli işlerde kayıt dışı istihdam edilmesinin daha
olası olduğunu ve gençlerin gelir açıklarını ek iş arayarak
telafi etmeye çalıştıklarını göstermiştir.

References

  • Acharya, A., Vellakkal, S., Taylor, F., Masset, E., Satija, A., Burke, M. ve Ebr, S. (2012). The Impact of Health Insurance Schemes for the Informal Sector in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review. The World Bank Research Observer. doi:10.1093/wbro/lks009.
  • Angel-Urdinola, DF. ve Tanabe, K. (2012). Micro-Determinants of Informal Employment in the Middle East and North Africa Region. The World Bank SP Discussion Paper No: 1201. 1-41.
  • Angel-Urdinola, D., Reis, JG. & Quijada, C. (2009). Informality in Turkey: Size, Trends, Determinants and Consequences. Mimeo, World Bank, Washington D.C.
  • Ay, HM. (2008). Unregistered Employment in Turkey. Lex ET Scientia International Journal (LESIJ). 15(2). 366-377.
  • Başlevent, C. ve Acar, A. (2015). Recent Trends in Informal Employment in Turkey. Yıldız Social Science Review. 1(1). 77-88.
  • Bülbül, OG. (2012). Unregistered Employment Dynamics in Turkey: Unregistered Employment Which Phase of Informalization Process? International Journal of Social Sciences and Humanity Studies. 4(2). 375-385.
  • De Soto, H. (1989). The Other Path: The Invisible Revolution in the Third World. New York: Harper and Row.
  • Demirgil, H. (2014). Parametrik Olmayan (Non-Parametrik) Hipotez Testleri. SPSS Uygulamalı Çok Değişkenli İstatistik Teknikleri. (Editör: Şeref Kalaycı). 6. Baskı. Ankara: Asil Yayın Dağıtım. 85-112.
  • Doğrul, H. G. (2012). Determinants of Formal and Informal Sector Employment in the Urban Areas of Turkey. International Journal of Social Sciences and Humanity Studies. 217-231.
  • Goldin, N., Hobson, M., Glick, P., Lundberg, M. ve Puerto, S. (2015). Toward Solutions for Youth Employment: A Baseline Report for 2015. Solutions for Youth Employment. Washington D.C.
  • Gërxhani, K. (2004). The Informal Sector in Developed and Less Developed Countries: A Literature Survey. Public Choice. 120(3-4). 267-300.
  • Görmüş, A. (2019). Türkiye’de Tarımsal İstihdamın Cinsiyete Dayalı Yapısı ve Sosyal Politika Önerileri. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi. 14(3). 563-578.
  • Elveren, A. Y. (2015). The Impact of the Informal Employment on the Social Security Deficits in Turkey. World Journal of Applied Economics. 1(1). 3-19. doi:10.22440/EconWorld.J.2015.1.1.AE.0006.
  • Europen Union (2014). Social Agenda, Youth Employment. 02/2014 No: 36.
  • Fidan, H. & Genç, S. (2013). Kayıt Dışı İstihdam ve Kayıt Dışı İstihdama Etki Eden Mikro Faktörlerin Analizi: Türkiye Özel Sektörü Örneği. Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi. 5(9). 137-150.
  • Hart, K. (1973). Informal Income Opportunities and Urban Employment in Ghana. Journal of Modern African Studies. 11(1). 61-89.
  • ILO (1972). Employment, Income and Equality: A Strategy for Increasing Productivity in Kenya. Geneva.
  • ILO (2013). Labour Inspection and Undeclared Work in the EU. International Labour Office, Labour Administration and Inspection Programme (LAB/ADMIN). Geneva.
  • ILO (2015a). Youth and Informality Promoting Formal Employment Among Youth: Innovative Experiences in Latin America and The Caribbean. Peru.
  • ILO (2015b). Global Employment Trends for Youth 2015: Scaling up Investments in Decent Jobs for Youth. International Labour Office, Geneva.
  • ILO (2022a). World Employment and Social Outlook: Trends 2022. Geneva.
  • ILO (2022b). Global Employment Trends for Youth 2022, Investing in Transforming Futures for Young People. Geneva.
  • Longo, ME. (2020). Transcending Dichotomies: Informal Work, Young People and the State in Argentina. International Journal of Comparative Sociology. 61(2-3). 101–121. doi: 10.1177/0020715220905123.
  • OECD (2023). Employment Rate by Age Group (Indicator). [https://data.oecd.org]. (Erişim: 30 Haziran 2023).
  • OECD (2007). Jobs for Youth. Slovak Republic.
  • OECD (2004). Employment Outlook-2004. Portes, A., Castells, M. ve Benton, LA. (1989). The Informal Economy: Studies in Advanced and Less Developed Countries. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
  • Salem, MB., Bensidoun, I. ve Pelek, S. (2011). Informal Employment in Turkey: An Overview. Région et Développement. 34. 57-84.
  • Shehu, E. ve Nilsson, B. (2014). Informal Employment Among Youth: Evidence from 20 School-to-Work Transition Surveys. Work4Youth Publication Series No. 8. Geneva, ILO.
  • United Nations (2013). Fact Sheet, Definition of Youth. [http://www.un.org/esa/socdev/documents/youth/factsheets/ youth-definition.pdf]. (Erişim: 25 Haziran 2023).
  • The World Bank (2013). Youth Employment Programs: An Evaluation of World Bank and International Finance Corporation Support. Washington, D.C.
  • TÜİK (2022). İşgücü İstatistikleri Mikro Veri Seti. 2021. Yayın No: 4661. Ankara
  • TÜİK (2021). 2021 Hanehalkı İşgücü Anketi Mikro Verisi.
  • TÜİK (2023). 2014 ve Sonrası İşgücü İstatistikleri.
  • Wagstaff, A. (2010). Social Health Insurance Reexamined. Health Economics. 19(5). 503-517.
  • Vertot, N. (2009). Youth in Slovenia. Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia. Ljubljana.
There are 35 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Social Security
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Ayhan Görmüş 0000-0002-6175-5381

Publication Date December 28, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 13 Issue: 2 - Cilt 13, Sayı 2

Cite

APA Görmüş, A. (2023). Türkiye’de Kayıt Dışı Genç İstihdamı: Hanehalkı İşgücü İstatistiklerinden Cinsiyete Dayalı Bulgular. Sosyal Güvenlik Dergisi, 13(2), 159-178. https://doi.org/10.32331/sgd.1408456