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DETERMINING THE OPTIMUM PHOTOVOLTAIC INSTALLATION ANGLE FOR PROVINCES IN TURKEY

Year 2024, EARLY VIEW, 1 - 1

Sevda Kazemzadehmarand Adnan Sözen

https://doi.org/10.2339/politeknik.1299063

Abstract

Solar trackers maximize solar radiation collection but are less commonly used due to their high cost, maintenance requirements, and the additional expenses associated with monthly angle adjustments. This paper proposes optimizing solar energy absorption by determining the optimal tilt for fixed-site solar panels in Turkey. It introduces an equation developed with artificial neural networks to forecast the ideal angle based on five location-specific features. Input variables, training procedures, and network design significantly impact the accuracy of Neural Network models' predictions. MATLAB software created three distinct ANN models for this investigation, each employing unique training setups and procedures. Matlab graphs guided the selection of algorithms and models based on minimizing MAE and RMSE while maximizing the linear correlation coefficient (R). The RMSE value obtained according to the calculations was 3.5881e^(-6), and the R value was 0.99998. The network's estimated data was compared to the training and testing cosθ data, yielding an RMSE error of 0.43% and an R2 value of 0.99978, indicating high accuracy. The average annual optimum inclination angles for the studied cities are as follows: Ankara (35.18°), Antalya (34.29°), Ağrı (34.91°), İstanbul (34.50°), Sivas (34.96°), İzmir (35.19°), Sinop (35.06°), and Gaziantep (34.97°).

Keywords

solar energy tilting angle optimum tilt angle solar panel artificial neural network

References

  • [1] Hinrichs R. A., and Kleinbach M. H., “Energy: Its Use and The Environment”, Fifth Edition, Boston, MA: Cengage Learning, (2018).
  • [2] Chichilnisky G., “What is sustainable development?”, Land Economics, (1997).
  • [3] Hussain A., Arif S. M., and Aslam M., “Emerging renewable and sustainable energy technologies: State of the art”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 71: 12-28, (2017).
  • [4] https://enerji.gov.tr/eigm-yenilenebilir-enerji-kaynaklar-gunes, (2022).
  • [5] Sharma A., Kallioğlu M. A., Awasthi A., Chauhan R., Fekete G., and Singh T., “Correlation formulation for optimum tilt angle for maximizing the solar radiation on solar collector in the Western Himalayan region”, Case Studies in Thermal Engineering, 26, 101185, (2021).
  • [6] De Bernardez L. S., Buitrago R. H., and Garcia N. O. “Photovoltaic generated energy and module optimum tilt angle from weather data”, International Journal of Sustainable Energy, 30(5): 311-320, (2011).
  • [7] Goldemberg J., “Energy: What everyone needs to know?” Oxford: Oxford University Press, (2012).
  • [8] Naraghi M. H., “Optimum solar panel tilt angle for maximum annual irradiation”, In Asme International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition, New York, ABD, 211-220, (2009).
  • [9] Sharma A., Kallioğlu M. A., Awasthi A., Chauha, R., Fekete G., and Singh T. ,“Correlation formulation for optimum tilt angle for maximizing the solar radiation on solar collector in the Western Himalayan region”, Case Studies in Thermal Engineering, 26, 101185, (2021).
  • [10] Benghanem M., “Optimization of tilt angle for solar panel: Case study for Madinah, Saudi Arabia” Applied Energy, 88(4): 1427-1433, (2011).
  • [11] Bakirci K. “General models for optimum tilt angles of solar panels: Turkey case study”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 16(8): 6149-6159, (2012).
  • [12] Bailek N., Bouchouicha K., Aoun N., Mohamed E. S., Jamil B., and Mostafaeipour, A., “Optimized fixed tilt for incident solar energy maximization on flat surfaces located in the Algerian Big South”, Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 28: 96-102. (2018).
  • [13] Ginar J., Gadhe P.,“Optimized Tilt Ange for Solar Panel in pune”, International journal for Reaserch in Engineering & Application Management. https://www.ijream.org/papers/AMET201944.pdf. (2018).
  • [14] De Bernardez L. S., Buitrago R. H., and Garcia N. O., “Photovoltaic generated energy and module optimum tilt angle from weather data”, International Journal of Sustainable Energy, 30(5): 311-320, (2011).
  • [15] Gurlek C., and Sahin M., “Estimation of the global solar radiation with the artificial neural networks for the City of Sivas”, European Mechanical Science, 2(2): 46-51, (2018).
  • [16] Neelamegam P., and Amirtham V. A., “Prediction of solar radiation for solar systems by using ANN models with different back propagation algorithms” Journal of Applied Research and Technology, 14(3): 206-214, (2016).
  • [17] Yadav A. K., and Chandel S. S., “Artificial neural network based prediction of solar radiation for Indian stations”, International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 – 8887), 50(9): 1-4, (2012).
  • [18] Shaddel M., Javan D. S., and Baghernia P., “Estimation of hourly global solar irradiation on tilted absorbers from horizontal one using Artificial Neural Network for case study of Mashhad”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 53: 59-67, (2016).
  • [19] Al Garni H. Z., Awasthi A., and Wright D. (2019). “Optimal orientation angles for maximizing energy yield for solar PV in Saudi Arabia”. Renewable Energy, 133, 538-550.
  • [20] Matius M. E., Ismail M. A., Farm Y. Y., Amaludin A. E., Radzali M. A., Fazlizan A., and Muzammil W. K. (2021). “On the optimal tilt angle and orientation of an on-site solar photovoltaic energy generation system for Sabah’s rural electrification”. Sustainability, 13(10), 5730.
  • [21] Heibati S., Maref W., and Saber H. H. (2021). “Developing a model for predicting optimum daily tilt angle of a PV solar system at different geometric, physical and dynamic parameters”. Advances in Building Energy Research, 15(2), 179-198.
  • [22] Morcos V. H. (1993). “Optimum tilt angle and orientation for solar collectors in Assiut, Egypt”. International Journal of Renewable Energy, 4(3), 291-298.
  • [23] Khoo Y. S., Nobre A., Malhotra R., Yang D., Rüther R., Reindl T., and Aberle A. G.(2014). “Optimal orientation and tilt angle for maximizing in-plane solar irradiation for PV applications in Singapore”. The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Journal of Photovoltaics, 4(2), 647-653.
  • [24] Notton G., Paoli C., Vasileva S., Nivet M. L., Canaletti J. L., and Cristofari C.,”Estimation of hourly global solar irradiation on tilted planes from horizontal one using artificial neural networks”, Energy, 39(1): 166-179, (2012).
  • [25] Jafarkazemi F., Ali Saadabadi S., and Pasdarshahri H. (2012). “The optimum tilt angle for flat-plate solar collectors in Iran”. Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy, 4(1), 13118.
  • [26] Khatib T., Mohamed A., Mahmoud M., and Sopian K. (2015). “Optimization of the tilt angle of solar panels for Malaysia”. Energy sources, part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 37(6), 606-613.
  • [27] Aksoy M. H., Ispir M., Yesil E., (2023). “Impact of Tilt Angle on The Performance of The Photovoltaic Systems for Different Row Spacing”. Journal Of Polytechnıc, 2023, 1 – 1.
  • [28] Beyazit N. I., Bulut H., Demirtaş Y., (2017). “Analysis of Diffuse Radiation Models for Horizontal Surface According to Measurement Results”. Journal Of Polytechnıc. 557 – 563.
  • [29] Cömert Z., and Kocamaz A. (2017). “A study of artificial neural network training algorithms for classification of cardiotocography signals”. Bitlis Eren University Journal of Science and Technology, 7(2), 93-103.

DETERMINING THE OPTIMUM PHOTOVOLTAIC INSTALLATION ANGLE FOR PROVINCES IN TURKEY

Year 2024, EARLY VIEW, 1 - 1

Sevda Kazemzadehmarand Adnan Sözen

https://doi.org/10.2339/politeknik.1299063

Abstract

Solar trackers maximize solar radiation collection but are less commonly used due to their high cost, maintenance requirements, and the additional expenses associated with monthly angle adjustments. This paper proposes optimizing solar energy absorption by determining the optimal tilt for fixed-site solar panels in Turkey. It introduces an equation developed with artificial neural networks to forecast the ideal angle based on five location-specific features. Input variables, training procedures, and network design significantly impact the accuracy of Neural Network models' predictions. MATLAB software created three distinct ANN models for this investigation, each employing unique training setups and procedures. Matlab graphs guided the selection of algorithms and models based on minimizing MAE and RMSE while maximizing the linear correlation coefficient (R). The RMSE value obtained according to the calculations was 3.5881e^(-6), and the R value was 0.99998. The network's estimated data was compared to the training and testing cosθ data, yielding an RMSE error of 0.43% and an R2 value of 0.99978, indicating high accuracy. The average annual optimum inclination angles for the studied cities are as follows: Ankara (35.18°), Antalya (34.29°), Ağrı (34.91°), İstanbul (34.50°), Sivas (34.96°), İzmir (35.19°), Sinop (35.06°), and Gaziantep (34.97°).

Keywords

solar energy tilting angle optimum tilt angle solar panel artificial neural network

References

  • [1] Hinrichs R. A., and Kleinbach M. H., “Energy: Its Use and The Environment”, Fifth Edition, Boston, MA: Cengage Learning, (2018).
  • [2] Chichilnisky G., “What is sustainable development?”, Land Economics, (1997).
  • [3] Hussain A., Arif S. M., and Aslam M., “Emerging renewable and sustainable energy technologies: State of the art”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 71: 12-28, (2017).
  • [4] https://enerji.gov.tr/eigm-yenilenebilir-enerji-kaynaklar-gunes, (2022).
  • [5] Sharma A., Kallioğlu M. A., Awasthi A., Chauhan R., Fekete G., and Singh T., “Correlation formulation for optimum tilt angle for maximizing the solar radiation on solar collector in the Western Himalayan region”, Case Studies in Thermal Engineering, 26, 101185, (2021).
  • [6] De Bernardez L. S., Buitrago R. H., and Garcia N. O. “Photovoltaic generated energy and module optimum tilt angle from weather data”, International Journal of Sustainable Energy, 30(5): 311-320, (2011).
  • [7] Goldemberg J., “Energy: What everyone needs to know?” Oxford: Oxford University Press, (2012).
  • [8] Naraghi M. H., “Optimum solar panel tilt angle for maximum annual irradiation”, In Asme International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition, New York, ABD, 211-220, (2009).
  • [9] Sharma A., Kallioğlu M. A., Awasthi A., Chauha, R., Fekete G., and Singh T. ,“Correlation formulation for optimum tilt angle for maximizing the solar radiation on solar collector in the Western Himalayan region”, Case Studies in Thermal Engineering, 26, 101185, (2021).
  • [10] Benghanem M., “Optimization of tilt angle for solar panel: Case study for Madinah, Saudi Arabia” Applied Energy, 88(4): 1427-1433, (2011).
  • [11] Bakirci K. “General models for optimum tilt angles of solar panels: Turkey case study”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 16(8): 6149-6159, (2012).
  • [12] Bailek N., Bouchouicha K., Aoun N., Mohamed E. S., Jamil B., and Mostafaeipour, A., “Optimized fixed tilt for incident solar energy maximization on flat surfaces located in the Algerian Big South”, Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 28: 96-102. (2018).
  • [13] Ginar J., Gadhe P.,“Optimized Tilt Ange for Solar Panel in pune”, International journal for Reaserch in Engineering & Application Management. https://www.ijream.org/papers/AMET201944.pdf. (2018).
  • [14] De Bernardez L. S., Buitrago R. H., and Garcia N. O., “Photovoltaic generated energy and module optimum tilt angle from weather data”, International Journal of Sustainable Energy, 30(5): 311-320, (2011).
  • [15] Gurlek C., and Sahin M., “Estimation of the global solar radiation with the artificial neural networks for the City of Sivas”, European Mechanical Science, 2(2): 46-51, (2018).
  • [16] Neelamegam P., and Amirtham V. A., “Prediction of solar radiation for solar systems by using ANN models with different back propagation algorithms” Journal of Applied Research and Technology, 14(3): 206-214, (2016).
  • [17] Yadav A. K., and Chandel S. S., “Artificial neural network based prediction of solar radiation for Indian stations”, International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 – 8887), 50(9): 1-4, (2012).
  • [18] Shaddel M., Javan D. S., and Baghernia P., “Estimation of hourly global solar irradiation on tilted absorbers from horizontal one using Artificial Neural Network for case study of Mashhad”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 53: 59-67, (2016).
  • [19] Al Garni H. Z., Awasthi A., and Wright D. (2019). “Optimal orientation angles for maximizing energy yield for solar PV in Saudi Arabia”. Renewable Energy, 133, 538-550.
  • [20] Matius M. E., Ismail M. A., Farm Y. Y., Amaludin A. E., Radzali M. A., Fazlizan A., and Muzammil W. K. (2021). “On the optimal tilt angle and orientation of an on-site solar photovoltaic energy generation system for Sabah’s rural electrification”. Sustainability, 13(10), 5730.
  • [21] Heibati S., Maref W., and Saber H. H. (2021). “Developing a model for predicting optimum daily tilt angle of a PV solar system at different geometric, physical and dynamic parameters”. Advances in Building Energy Research, 15(2), 179-198.
  • [22] Morcos V. H. (1993). “Optimum tilt angle and orientation for solar collectors in Assiut, Egypt”. International Journal of Renewable Energy, 4(3), 291-298.
  • [23] Khoo Y. S., Nobre A., Malhotra R., Yang D., Rüther R., Reindl T., and Aberle A. G.(2014). “Optimal orientation and tilt angle for maximizing in-plane solar irradiation for PV applications in Singapore”. The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Journal of Photovoltaics, 4(2), 647-653.
  • [24] Notton G., Paoli C., Vasileva S., Nivet M. L., Canaletti J. L., and Cristofari C.,”Estimation of hourly global solar irradiation on tilted planes from horizontal one using artificial neural networks”, Energy, 39(1): 166-179, (2012).
  • [25] Jafarkazemi F., Ali Saadabadi S., and Pasdarshahri H. (2012). “The optimum tilt angle for flat-plate solar collectors in Iran”. Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy, 4(1), 13118.
  • [26] Khatib T., Mohamed A., Mahmoud M., and Sopian K. (2015). “Optimization of the tilt angle of solar panels for Malaysia”. Energy sources, part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 37(6), 606-613.
  • [27] Aksoy M. H., Ispir M., Yesil E., (2023). “Impact of Tilt Angle on The Performance of The Photovoltaic Systems for Different Row Spacing”. Journal Of Polytechnıc, 2023, 1 – 1.
  • [28] Beyazit N. I., Bulut H., Demirtaş Y., (2017). “Analysis of Diffuse Radiation Models for Horizontal Surface According to Measurement Results”. Journal Of Polytechnıc. 557 – 563.
  • [29] Cömert Z., and Kocamaz A. (2017). “A study of artificial neural network training algorithms for classification of cardiotocography signals”. Bitlis Eren University Journal of Science and Technology, 7(2), 93-103.
There are 29 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Engineering
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Sevda Kazemzadehmarand 0000-0003-3301-1892

Adnan Sözen 0000-0002-8373-2674

Early Pub Date November 10, 2023
Publication Date
Submission Date May 18, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2024 EARLY VIEW

Cite

APA Kazemzadehmarand, S., & Sözen, A. (2023). DETERMINING THE OPTIMUM PHOTOVOLTAIC INSTALLATION ANGLE FOR PROVINCES IN TURKEY. Politeknik Dergisi1-1. https://doi.org/10.2339/politeknik.1299063
AMA Kazemzadehmarand S, Sözen A. DETERMINING THE OPTIMUM PHOTOVOLTAIC INSTALLATION ANGLE FOR PROVINCES IN TURKEY. Politeknik Dergisi. Published online November 1, 2023:1-1. doi:10.2339/politeknik.1299063
Chicago Kazemzadehmarand, Sevda, and Adnan Sözen. “DETERMINING THE OPTIMUM PHOTOVOLTAIC INSTALLATION ANGLE FOR PROVINCES IN TURKEY”. Politeknik Dergisi, November (November 2023), 1-1. https://doi.org/10.2339/politeknik.1299063.
EndNote Kazemzadehmarand S, Sözen A (November 1, 2023) DETERMINING THE OPTIMUM PHOTOVOLTAIC INSTALLATION ANGLE FOR PROVINCES IN TURKEY. Politeknik Dergisi 1–1.
IEEE S. Kazemzadehmarand and A. Sözen, “DETERMINING THE OPTIMUM PHOTOVOLTAIC INSTALLATION ANGLE FOR PROVINCES IN TURKEY”, Politeknik Dergisi, pp. 1–1, November 2023, doi: 10.2339/politeknik.1299063.
ISNAD Kazemzadehmarand, Sevda - Sözen, Adnan. “DETERMINING THE OPTIMUM PHOTOVOLTAIC INSTALLATION ANGLE FOR PROVINCES IN TURKEY”. Politeknik Dergisi. November 2023. 1-1. https://doi.org/10.2339/politeknik.1299063.
JAMA Kazemzadehmarand S, Sözen A. DETERMINING THE OPTIMUM PHOTOVOLTAIC INSTALLATION ANGLE FOR PROVINCES IN TURKEY. Politeknik Dergisi. 2023;:1–1.
MLA Kazemzadehmarand, Sevda and Adnan Sözen. “DETERMINING THE OPTIMUM PHOTOVOLTAIC INSTALLATION ANGLE FOR PROVINCES IN TURKEY”. Politeknik Dergisi, 2023, pp. 1-1, doi:10.2339/politeknik.1299063.
Vancouver Kazemzadehmarand S, Sözen A. DETERMINING THE OPTIMUM PHOTOVOLTAIC INSTALLATION ANGLE FOR PROVINCES IN TURKEY. Politeknik Dergisi. 2023:1-.

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