jiseJournal of Innovative Science and Engineering2602-4217Bursa Technical UniversityAn Application of Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm for Reversible Data Hiding Based on Histogram Shifting in NeuroimagesErFüsunPIRI REIS UNIVERSITY, FACULTY OF ENGINEERINGhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-6339-8736YalmanYıldırayPIRI REIS UNIVERSITY, FACULTY OF ENGINEERINGhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-2313-452510.38088/jise.1135756EngineeringMühendislik12312022622332470625202208262022This paper presents an application of a multi-objective non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm with a modified chromosome encoding for histogram shifting-based multiple reversible data hiding scheme in neuroimages which aims to minimize distortion and maximize capacity. The modified chromosomes encoding scheme is designed according to the zero-bin characteristic of the intensity histogram of the structural magnetic resonance imaging scans of the human brain. A detailed experimental study has been carried out for assessing the effect of non-dominated sorting for multi-objective optimization compared to Euclidian distance, the convenience of modified chromosome encoding scheme for medical images compared to non-medical images. The performance of the proposed method has been measured in terms of the peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) for image quality and the bits per pixel (bpp) for capacity assessments. The experimental results show that the proposed method is better than its counterpartsGenetic algorithm information security magnetic resonance imaging reversible data hiding[1] Zhicheng, N., Yun-qing, S., Ansari N, Su W. (2006) Reversible data hiding. IEEE Transactions On Circuits And Systems For Video Technology 16:354-362.[2] Kiel, J. (2012). HIPAA and its effect on informatics. Comput Inform Nurs 30:1-5.[3] Kurnaz, H., Konyar, M. Z., Sondaş, A. (2020). A new hybrid data hiding method based on near histograms, Eur J Sci Technol, 18:683-694.[4] Vazhoramalayil, M., Vedhanayagam, M. (2021). A novel image scaling based reversible watermarking scheme for secure medical image transmission. Isa Transactions, 108:269-281.[5] Wei-liang, T., Chia-ming, Y., Chin-chen, C. (2009). Reversible data hiding based on histogram modification of pixel differences. Ieee Transactions On Circuits And Systems For Video Technology, 19:906-910.[6] Hwang, H., Kim, H., Vasiliy, S., Joo, S. (2010). Reversible watermarking method using optimal histogram pair shifting based on prediction and sorting. Journal of Transactions On Internet and Information Systems, 4:655-670.[7] Kuo, W., Li, J., Wang, C., Wuu, L., Huang, Y. (2016). An improvement data hiding scheme based on formula fully exploiting modification directions and pixel value differencing method. IEEE Computer Society.[8] Tian, J. (2003). Reversible data embedding using a difference expansion. IEEE Transactions On Circuits And Systems For Video Technology, 13:890-896.[9] Malhotra, R., Singh, N., Singh, Y. (2011). Genetic algorithms: Concepts, design for optimization of process controllers. Comput Inf Sci, 4:39-5.[10] Strossmayer, J. (2001). A Comparison of Several Heuristic Algorithms for Solving High Dimensional Optimization Problems 1.[11] Wang, J., Ni, J., Zhang, X., Shi, Y. (2017). Rate and distortion optimization for reversible data hiding using multiple histogram shifting. Ieee Transactions On Cybernetics, 47:315-326.[12] Wang, J., Ni, J. (10.1109/WIFS.2013.6707819). A GA optimization approach to HS based multiple reversible data hiding.[13] Wang, J., Chen, X., Shi, Y. (2019). Unconstraint optimal selection of side information for histogram shifting based reversible data hiding. Ieee Access 35564-35578.[14] Kuo-liang, C., Yong-huai, H., Wei-ning, Y., Yu-chiao, H., Chyou-hwa, C. (2009). Capacity maximization for reversible data hiding based on dynamic programming approach. Applied Mathematics And Computation, 208:284-292.[15] Qi, W., Li, X., Zhang, T., Guo, Z. Optimal Reversible Data Hiding Scheme Based on Multiple Histograms Modification. Ieee Transactions On Circuits And Systems For Video Technology, 2300-2312.[16] Wansapura, J., S., Dunn, R., Ball, W. (1999). NMR relaxation times in the human brain at 3.0 tesla. Journal Of Magnetic Resonance Imaging[17] Hazlewood, C., Yamanashi, W., Rangel, R., Todd, L. (1982). In vivo NMR imaging and T1 measurements of water protons in the human brain. Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 1:3-10.[18] Cormen, T.,H. (2009). Introduction to algorithms. MIT press, 658- 662.