Review
BibTex RIS Cite

Blokzincir Tabanlı E-Ticaret: Bir Değerlendirme

Year 2022, Volume: 15 Issue: 2, 649 - 666, 30.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.37093/ijsi.1166643

Abstract

Elektronik ticaret, son yıllarda yaşanan teknolojik gelişmeler, tüketici tercihlerindeki değişimler ve COVID 19 salgınının etkisi nedeniyle öngörülerin çok daha ötesinde büyüme yaşayan bir sektör haline gelmiştir. E-ticaret, taraflara sunduğu faydalar ile fiziki mağazaları ikinci plana atarken, geleneksel işletmelerden farklı olarak kendine özgü yeni problemlerin ortaya çıkmasına neden olmuştur. Blok zincir teknolojisi, adem-i merkezi ve üçüncü taraf aracılara ihtiyaç duymayan yapısı ve gizlilik, değişmezlik, güvenlik, şeffaflık, denetlenebilirlik gibi özellikleri ile e-ticaret sektöründe karşılaşılan sorunların çözümünde umut vaat eden önemli bir alan olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Blokzincirin e-ticarete sunabileceği faydalar, daha düşük maliyetler, daha şeffaf ve güvenilir ödeme süreçleri, daha yüksek veri gizliliği ve güvenliği, daha etkin tedarik zinciri ve itibar sistemleri olmak üzere beş başlık altında incelenmiştir. Yapılan çalışma ile blokzincirin sahip olduğu bu özellikleri sayesinde e-ticaret faaliyetlerini yeniden şekillendirebileceği ve e-ticaret sektörünün gelişimini hızlandırarak kârlılığını arttırabileceği sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Bu doğrultuda blokzincir tabanlı e-ticaret platformlarının mevcut e-ticaret platformlarını arka plana itebileceği düşünülmektedir.

References

  • Abduljabbar, T. A., Tao, X., Zhang, J., Zhou, X., Li, L., & Cai, Y. (2021). A survey of privacy solutions using blockchain for recommender systems: Current status, classification and open ıssues. The Computer Journal, 64(7), 1104–1129. https://doi.org/10.1093/comjnl/bxab065
  • Akroush, M. N., & Al-Debei, M. M. (2015). An integrated model of factors affecting consumer attitudes towards online shopping. Business Process Management Journal, 21(6), 1353–1376. https://doi.org/10.1108/BPMJ-02-2015-0022
  • Alabi, K. (2020). A 2020 perspective on “Digital blockchain networks appear to be following Metcalfe’s Law”. Electronic Commerce Research and Applications, 40, Article 100939. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.elerap.2020.100939
  • Alam, M. Z., & Elaasi, S. A. (2016). A Study on consumer perception towards e-shopping in KSA. International Journal of Business and Management, 11(7), 202–210. https://doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v11n7p202
  • Anbar, A. (2001). E-Ticarette karşılaşılan sorunlar ve çözüm önerileri. Akdeniz İİBF Dergisi, 1(2), 18–32. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/auiibfd/issue/54586/744082
  • AWS. (2022). Blockchain for supply chain: Track and trace. https://aws.amazon.com/tr/blockchain/blockchain-for-supply-chain-track-and-trace/?nc1=h_ls
  • Bação, P., Duarte, A. P., Sebastião, H., & Redzepagic, S. (2018). Information transmission between cryptocurrencies: Does Bitcoin rule the cryptocurrency world? Scientific Annals of Economics and Business, 65(2), 97–117. http://saeb.feaa.uaic.ro/index.php/saeb/article/view/1090
  • Back, A. (2002, August 01). Hashcash - A denial of service counter-measure (Tech Report). http://www.hashcash.org/hashcash.pdf
  • Bălan, C. (2018). Blockchain: China’s leading e-commerce players innovate in traceability. International Conference on Marketing and Business Development, 1(2), 14–32. http://www.mbd.ase.ro/RePEc/aes/icmbdj/2018/ICMBDJ_V2_2018_59.pdf
  • Belinky, M., Rennick, E., & Veitch, A. (2015). The Fintech 2.0 paper: Rebooting financial services. Santander Innoventures Oliver Wyman Anthemis Group. https://www.oliverwyman.com/content/dam/oliver-wyman/global/en/2015/jun/The_Fintech_2_0_Paper_Final_PV.pdf
  • Bulsara, H. P., & Vaghela, P. S. (2020). Blockchain technology for e-commerce industry. International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology, 29(5), 3793–3798. http://sersc.org/journals/index.php/IJAST/article/view/12292
  • Casino, F., Dasaklis, T. K., & Patsakis, C. (2019). A systematic literature review of blockchain-based applications: Current status, classification and open issues. Telematics and Informatics, 36(2019), 55–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2018.11.006
  • Catalini, C., & Gans, J. S. (2020). Some simple economics of the blockchain. Communications of the ACM, 63(7), 80–90. https://doi.org/10.1145/3359552
  • Chang, Y.-W., Lin, K.-P., & Shen, C.-Y. (2019). Blockchain technology for e-marketplace. 2019 IEEE International Conference on pervasive computing and communications workshops, PerCom workshops 2019, 429–430. https://doi.org/10.1109/PERCOMW.2019.8730733
  • Chen, Y. (2018). Blockchain tokens and the potential democratization of entrepreneurship and innovation. Business Horizons, 61(4), 567–575. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2018.03.006
  • Ciaian, P., Rajcaniova, M., & Kancs, d’Artis. (2018). Virtual relationships: Short- and long-run evidence from BitCoin and altcoin markets. Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, 52, 173–195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intfin.2017.11.001
  • Cocco, L., Pinna, A., & Marchesi, M. (2017). Banking on blockchain: Costs savings thanks to the blockchain technology. Future Internet, 9(3), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.3390/fi9030025
  • Crosby, M., Pattanayak, P., Verma, S., & Kalyanaraman, V. (2016). BlockChain technology: Beyond Bitcoin. Applied Innovation Review, 2, 6–19. http://scet.berkeley.edu/wp-content/uploads/AIR-2016-Blockchain.pdf
  • Decker, C., & Wattenhofer, R. (2013). Information propagation in the Bitcoin network. 13th IEEE International Conference on Peer-to-Peer Computing, IEEE P2P 2013 - Proceedings. https://doi.org/10.1109/P2P.2013.6688704
  • Deepa, N., Pham, Q.-V., Nguyen, D. C., Bhattacharya, S., Prabadevi, B., Gadekallu, T. R., Maddikunta, P. K. R., Fang, F., & Pathirana, P. N. (2022). A survey on blockchain for big data: Approaches, opportunities, and future directions. Future Generation Computer Systems, 131, 209–226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.future.2022.01.017
  • Delgado-Mohatar, O., Felis-Rota, M., & Fernández-Herraiz, C. (2019). The Bitcoin mining breakdown: Is mining still profitable? Economics Letters, 184, 108492. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2019.05.044
  • Deloitte. (2016). Cross-border payments on Blockchain. https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/global/Documents/grid/cross-border-payments.pdf
  • Deng, S., Cheng, G., Zhao, H., Gao, H., & Yin, J. (2021). Incentive-driven computation offloading in blockchain-enabled e-commerce. ACM Transactions on Internet Technology, 21(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1145/3397160
  • Dennis, R., & Owen, G. (2016). Rep on the block: A next generation reputation system based on the blockchain. 2015 10th International Conference for Internet Technology and Secured Transactions, ICITST 2015, 131–138. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICITST.2015.7412073
  • Dunn, J. E. (2020, March 12). Data of millions of eBay and Amazon shoppers exposed. Naked Security. https://nakedsecurity.sophos.com/2020/03/12/data-of-millions-of-ebay-and-amazon-shoppers-exposed
  • Dwork, C., & Naor, M. (1992). Pricing via Processing or Combatting Junk Mail. In E. F. Brickell (Ed.), Advances in Cryptology — CRYPTO’ 92, Lecture Notes in Computer Science: Vol. 740 (pp. 139–147). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-48071-4_10
  • Frey, R. M., Wörner, D., & Ilic, A. (2016). Collaborative filtering on the blockchain: A secure recommender system for e-commerce. AMCIS 2016: Surfing the IT Innovation Wave - 22nd Americas Conference on Information Systems. https://aisel.aisnet.org/amcis2016/ISSec/Presentations/36
  • Ghanbary, H., Doosty, G., & Fathian, M. (2020). Combination SWOT-AHP analysis for using Blockchain in E-Commerce. Journal of Economics and Administrative Sciences, 3(1), 237-253. http://www.jeasweb.org/jeas/Vol_S3_No_1_Oct_2020/SJEAS20201237253.pdf
  • Gorkhali, A., Li, L., & Shrestha, A. (2020). Blockchain: A literature review. Journal of Management Analytics, 7(3), 321–343. https://doi.org/10.1080/23270012.2020.1801529
  • Göl, H., Kantarcı, Ö., Erdem, İ., Ot, İ., Döm, İ., & Çakır, İ., (2019). E-ticaretin gelişimi, sınırların aşılması ve yeni normlar. Deloitte Digital. https://www2.deloitte.com/tr/tr/pages/consumer-business/articles/e-ticaretin-gelisimi-sinirlarin-asilmasi-ve-yeni-normlar.html
  • Guadamuz, A., & Marsden, C. (2015). Blockchains and Bitcoin: Regulatory responses to cryptocurrencies. First Monday, 20(12). https://doi.org/10.5210/fm.v20i12.6198
  • Guo, Y., & Liang, C. (2016). Blockchain application and outlook in the banking industry. Financial Innovation, 2(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40854-016-0034-9
  • Haber, S., & Stornetta, W. S. (1997). Secure names for bit-strings. In Proceedings of the 4th ACM conference on computer and communications security, 28–35. https://doi.org/10.1145/266420.266430
  • Halaburda, H., Sarvary, M., & Haeringer, G. (2022). Beyond bitcoin economics of digital currencies and blockchain technologies (2nd ed.). Palgrave Macmillan UK. https://doi.org/10.2469/cfm.v26.n1.12
  • Hoy, M. B. (2017). An introduction to the blockchain and its implications for libraries and medicine. Medical Reference Services Quarterly, 36(3), 273–279. https://doi.org/10.1080/02763869.2017.1332261
  • Hughes, A., Park, A., Kietzmann, J., & Archer-Brown, C. (2019). Beyond Bitcoin: What blockchain and distributed ledger technologies mean for firms. Business Horizons, 62(3), 273–281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2019.01.002
  • IBM. (2017). Forward together - IBM Blockchain Study. IBM Institute for Business Value. https://www.ibm.com/downloads/cas/OX1JGX65
  • Ismanto, L., Ar, H. S., Fajar, A. N., Sfenrianto, & Bachtiar, S. (2019). Blockchain as e-commerce platform in Indonesia. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1179(1), 012114. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1179/1/012114
  • Jaag, C., & Bach, C. (2015). The effect of payment reversibility on e-commerce and postal quality. In D. L. K. Chuen (Ed.), Handbook of digital currency: Bitcoin, innovation, financial instruments, and big data (pp. 139–151). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-802117-0.09989-6
  • Johnson, J. (2020). Annual number of data breaches and exposed records in the United States from 2005 to 2020. Statista. https://www.statista.com/statistics/273550/data-breaches-recorded-in-the-united-states-by-number-of-breaches-and-records-exposed
  • Jun, G., & Jaafar, N. I. (2011). A study on consumers’ attitude towards online shopping in China. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 2(22), 122–132. http://ijbssnet.com/journals/Vol_2_No_22_December_2011/15.pdf
  • Kabi, O. R., & Franqueira, V. N. L. (2019). Blockchain-based distributed marketplace. In Abramowicz, W., Paschke, A. (Eds.), Business Information Systems Workshops. BIS 2018. Lecture Notes in Business Information Processing (pp. 197–210). Springer. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04849-5_17
  • Khan, M. A., Zubair, S. S., & Malik, M. (2019). An assessment of e-service quality, e-satisfaction and e-loyalty: Case of online shopping in Pakistan. South Asian Journal of Business Studies, 8(3), 283–302. https://doi.org/10.1108/SAJBS-01-2019-0016
  • Kim, S. I., & Kim, S. H. (2020). E-commerce payment model using blockchain. Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Humanized Computing, 13, 1673–1685. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12652-020-02519-5
  • Kumar, G., Saha, R., Buchanan, W. J., Geetha, G., Thomas, R., Rai, M. K., Kim, T.-H., & Alazab, M. (2020). Decentralized accessibility of e-commerce products through blockchain technology. Sustainable Cities and Society, 62, 102361. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2020.102361
  • Lafarre, A., & Van der Elst, C. (2018, March). Blockchain technology for corporate governance and shareholder activism (Law Working Paper No. 390/2018). European Corporate Governance Institute (ECGI). https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3135209
  • Lee, J. Y. (2019). A decentralized token economy: How blockchain and cryptocurrency can revolutionize business. Business Horizons, 62(6), 773–784. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2019.08.003
  • Lee, M. K. O., & Turban, E. (2001). A trust model for consumer internet shopping. International Journal of Electronic Commerce, 6(1), 75–91. https://doi.org/10.1080/10864415.2001.11044227
  • Lee, S. (2018, August 13). A decentralized reputation system: How blockchain can restore trust in online markets. Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/shermanlee/2018/08/13/a-decentralized-reputation-system-how-blockchain-can-restore-trust-in-online-markets/?sh=128cb1f481ab
  • Lehmacher, W., & Mcwaters, J. (2017, February 01). How blockchain can restore trust in trade. World Economic Forum. https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2017/02/blockchain-trade-trust-transparency
  • Leiner, M. B., Cerf, G. V., Clark, D. D., Kahn, E. K., Kleinrock, L., Lynch, C. D., Postel, J., Roberts, G. L., & Wolff, S. (1997). A brief history of internet. Internet Society. https://www.internetsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/ISOC-History-of-the-Internet_1997.pdf
  • Li, M., Shao, S., Ye, Q., Xu, G., & Huang, G. Q. (2020). Blockchain-enabled logistics finance execution platform for capital-constrained E-commerce retail. Robotics and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing, 65(April), 101962. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rcim.2020.101962
  • Li, X., & Wang, C. A. (2017). The technology and economic determinants of cryptocurrency exchange rates: The case of Bitcoin. Decision Support Systems, 95, 49–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dss.2016.12.001
  • Liao, Q., & Shao, M. (2021). Discussion on payment application in cross-border e-commerce platform from the perspective of blockchain. E3S Web of Conferences, 235, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202123503020
  • Lim, Y. H., Hashim, H., Poo, N., Poo, D. C. C., & Nguyen, H. D. (2019). Blockchain technologies in e-commerce: Social shopping and loyalty program applications. In G. Meiselwitz (Ed.), Social computing and social Media: Comunication and social communities (pp. 403–416). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-21905-5_31
  • Liu, Z., & Li, Z. (2020). A blockchain-based framework of cross-border e-commerce supply chain. International Journal of Information Management, 52, 102059. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2019.102059
  • MarketsandMarkets. (2022). Big Data Market worth $273.4 billion by 2026 (Press Releases). https://www.marketsandmarkets.com/PressReleases/big-data.asp
  • Monetha. (2017). Monetha White Paper. Retrieved from https://www.allcryptowhitepapers.com/monetha-whitepaper
  • Nærland, K., Beck, R., Müller-Bloch, C., & Palmund, S. (2018). Blockchain to rule the waves - nascent design principles for reducing risk and uncertainty in decentralized environments. In ICIS 2017: Transforming Society with Digital Innovation (pp. 1–16). https://pure.itu.dk/ws/files/82337540/N_rland_et_al._2017.pdf
  • Nakamoto, S. (2008). Bitcoin: A peer-to-peer electronic cash system. https://www.ussc.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/training/annual-national-training-seminar/2018/Emerging_Tech_Bitcoin_Crypto.pdf
  • O’Dwyer, K. J., & Malone, D. (2014). Bitcoin Mining and its Energy Footprint. In 25th IET Irish Signals & Systems Conference 2014 and 2014 China-Ireland International Conference on Information and Communities Technologies (ISSC 2014/CIICT 2014), (CP639), 280–285. Institution of Engineering and Technology. https://doi.org/10.1049/cp.2014.0699
  • OECD. (2019). Unpacking e-commerce: Business models, trends and policies. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1787/23561431-en
  • Ølnes, S., Ubacht, J., & Janssen, M. (2017). Blockchain in government: Benefits and implications of distributed ledger technology for information sharing. Government Information Quarterly, 34(3), 355–364. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2017.09.007
  • Pinna, A., Tonelli, R., Orrú, M., & Marchesi, M. (2018). A petri nets model for blockchain analysis. The Computer Journal, 61(9), 1374–1388. https://doi.org/10.1093/comjnl/bxy001
  • Polasik, M., Piotrowska, A. I., Wisniewski, T. P., Kotkowski, R., & Lightfoot, G. (2015). Price Fluctuations and the Use of Bitcoin: An Empirical Inquiry. International Journal of Electronic Commerce, 20(1), 9–49. https://doi.org/10.1080/10864415.2016.1061413
  • Ramachandiran, R. (2018, May). Using blockchain technology to improve trust in ecommerce reviews. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/325302001
  • ReportLinker. (2022, November). Global blockchain market in supply chain industry market 2022-2026. https://www.reportlinker.com/p05603982/Global-Blockchain-Market-in-Supply-Chain-Industry.html?utm_source=GNW
  • Research and Markets. (2022, October). Supply chain management market research report by component, organization size, deployment, industry, region - global forecast to 2027 - cumulative impact of COVID-19. https://www.researchandmarkets.com/reports/5337793/supply-chain-management-market-research-report-by
  • Ryan, P. (2017). Smart contract relations in e-commerce: Legal implications of exchanges conducted on the blockchain. Technology Innovation Management Review, 7(10), 14–21. https://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1110
  • Saberi, S., Kouhizadeh, M., Sarkis, J., & Shen, L. (2019). Blockchain technology and its relationships to sustainable supply chain management. International Journal of Production Research, 57(7), 2117–2135. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2018.1533261
  • Schaub, A., Bazin, R., Hasan, O., & Brunie, L. (2016). A trustless privacy-preserving reputation system. In J.-H. Hoepman & S. Katzenbeisser (Eds.), ICT systems security and privacy protection (pp. 398–411). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-33630-5_27
  • Scheer, W. van der. (2018, October 29). Establishing trust in reputation systems: Challenges for blockchain-based reviews (. https://godatadriven.com/blog/establishing-trust-in-reputation-systems-challenges-for-blockchain-based-reviews
  • Shome, A. (2019, March 19). Digitec galaxus introduces crypto payment option. Finance Magnates. https://www.financemagnates.com/cryptocurrency/news/digitec-galaxus-introduces-crypto-payment-option
  • Shorman, S., Allaymoun, M., & Hamid, O. (2019). Developing the e-commerce model a consumer to consumer using blockchain network technique. International Journal of Managing Information Technology, 11(2), 55–64. https://doi.org/10.5121/ijmit.2019.11204
  • Smith, A., & Anderson, M. (2016, December 19). Online shopping and e-commerce. Pew Research Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2016/12/19/online-reviews
  • Sovbetov, Y. (2018). Factors influencing cryptocurrency prices: Evidence from Bitcoin, Ethereum, Dash, Litcoin, and Monero. Journal of Economics and Financial Analysis, 2(2), 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1991/jefa.v2i2.a16
  • Statista. (2021). Digital market outlook: Retail ecommerce sales CAGR in selected markets 2021-2025. https://www.statista.com/forecasts/220177/b2c-e-commerce-sales-cagr-forecast-for-selected-countries
  • Statista. (2022). Retail e-commerce sales worldwide from 2014 to 2024. https://www.statista.com/statistics/379046/worldwide-retail-e-commerce-sales
  • Su, X., Liu, Y., & Choi, C. (2020). A blockchain-based p2p transaction method and sensitive data encoding for e-commerce transactions. IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine, 9(4), 56–66. https://doi.org/10.1109/MCE.2020.2969198
  • Subramanian, H. (2018). Decentralized blockchain-based electronic marketplaces. Communications of the ACM, 61(1), 78–84. https://doi.org/10.1145/3158333
  • Treiblmaier, H., & Sillaber, C. (2021). The impact of blockchain on e-commerce: A framework for salient research topics. Electronic Commerce Research and Applications, 48, 101054. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.elerap.2021.101054
  • University of Cambridge. (2020). Cambridge Bitcoin Electricity Consumption Index. https://ccaf.io/cbeci/index/comparison
  • Vigna, P., & Casey, M. J. (2017). Kriptopara çağı: Bitcoin ve dijital paranın küresel ekonomik sisteme meydan okuması [The age of cryptocurrency: How bitcoin and digital money are challenging the global economic order] (A. Atav, Çev.; 2. bs.). Buzdağı Yayınevi (Original work published 2015).
  • Voshmgir, S. (2020). Token Economy: How the Web3 reinvents the internet (2nd Ed.). Token Kitchen.
  • Vranken, H. (2017). Sustainability of bitcoin and blockchains. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 28, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2017.04.011
  • Wang, C.-C., & Chen, C.-C. (2010). Electronic commerce research in latest decade: A literature review. International Journal of Electronic Commerce Studies, 1(1), 1–14.
  • Wood, G. (2022, January 04). What is Web 3? Here’s how future Polkadot founder Gavin Wood explained it in 2014. https://www.coindesk.com/layer2/2022/01/04/what-is-web-3-heres-how-future-polkadot-founder-gavin-wood-explained-it-in-2014
  • Xu, J., & Gao, X. (2021). E-Business in the 21st Century: Essential topics and studies (2nd ed.). World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd.
  • Xuan, T. M., Alrashdan, M. T., Al-Maatouk, Q., & Alrashdan, M. T. (2020). Blockchain technology in e-commerce platform. International Journal of Management, 11(10), 1688–1697. https://doi.org/10.34218/IJM.11.10.2020.154
  • Yang, C. N., Chen, Y. C., Chen, S. Y., & Wu, S. Y. (2019). A reliable e-commerce business model using blockchain based product grading system. 2019 4th IEEE International Conference on Big Data Analytics, ICBDA 2019, 341–344. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICBDA.2019.8713204
  • Yang, C. S. (2019). Maritime shipping digitalization: Blockchain-based technology applications, future improvements, and intention to use. Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, 131, 108–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tre.2019.09.020
  • Yoo, S. (2017). Blockchain based financial case analysis and its implications. Asia Pacific Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, 11(3), 312–321. https://doi.org/10.1108/apjie-12-2017-036
  • Zhou, Z., Wang, M., Yang, C.-N., Fu, Z., Sun, X., & Wu, Q. M. J. (2021). Blockchain-based decentralized reputation system in E-commerce environment. Future Generation Computer Systems, 124, 155-167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.future.2021.05.035
  • Zhu, X., & Wang, D. (2019). Research on blockchain application for e-commerce, finance and energy. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 252(4), 042126. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/252/4/042126

Blockchain-Based E-Commerce: An Evaluation

Year 2022, Volume: 15 Issue: 2, 649 - 666, 30.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.37093/ijsi.1166643

Abstract

The e-commerce sector has grown beyond predictions with the help of the most recent technological developments, changes in consumer preferences, and the COVID-19 pandemic. E-commerce activities assume a subsidiary role of brick-and-mortar shops with the benefits it offers to all parties, which have also resulted in new problems such as privacy, security, transparency, and costs, unlike traditional businesses. Blockchain technology is among the promising technologies in solving the problems of the e-commerce sector with its decentralized structure that does not require third-party intermediaries, and its features (such as privacy, immutability, security, transparency, and auditability). In this study—which examines, under five titles, the benefits that blockchain can offer to e-commerce—it is concluded that blockchain can reshape e-commerce activities by enabling integrated e-commerce systems that include all parties and offering low transaction costs, high transaction speed, traceability of transactions, strong security standards, and low risks. In this direction, blockchain-based e-commerce platforms can push existing e-commerce platforms into the background.

References

  • Abduljabbar, T. A., Tao, X., Zhang, J., Zhou, X., Li, L., & Cai, Y. (2021). A survey of privacy solutions using blockchain for recommender systems: Current status, classification and open ıssues. The Computer Journal, 64(7), 1104–1129. https://doi.org/10.1093/comjnl/bxab065
  • Akroush, M. N., & Al-Debei, M. M. (2015). An integrated model of factors affecting consumer attitudes towards online shopping. Business Process Management Journal, 21(6), 1353–1376. https://doi.org/10.1108/BPMJ-02-2015-0022
  • Alabi, K. (2020). A 2020 perspective on “Digital blockchain networks appear to be following Metcalfe’s Law”. Electronic Commerce Research and Applications, 40, Article 100939. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.elerap.2020.100939
  • Alam, M. Z., & Elaasi, S. A. (2016). A Study on consumer perception towards e-shopping in KSA. International Journal of Business and Management, 11(7), 202–210. https://doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v11n7p202
  • Anbar, A. (2001). E-Ticarette karşılaşılan sorunlar ve çözüm önerileri. Akdeniz İİBF Dergisi, 1(2), 18–32. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/auiibfd/issue/54586/744082
  • AWS. (2022). Blockchain for supply chain: Track and trace. https://aws.amazon.com/tr/blockchain/blockchain-for-supply-chain-track-and-trace/?nc1=h_ls
  • Bação, P., Duarte, A. P., Sebastião, H., & Redzepagic, S. (2018). Information transmission between cryptocurrencies: Does Bitcoin rule the cryptocurrency world? Scientific Annals of Economics and Business, 65(2), 97–117. http://saeb.feaa.uaic.ro/index.php/saeb/article/view/1090
  • Back, A. (2002, August 01). Hashcash - A denial of service counter-measure (Tech Report). http://www.hashcash.org/hashcash.pdf
  • Bălan, C. (2018). Blockchain: China’s leading e-commerce players innovate in traceability. International Conference on Marketing and Business Development, 1(2), 14–32. http://www.mbd.ase.ro/RePEc/aes/icmbdj/2018/ICMBDJ_V2_2018_59.pdf
  • Belinky, M., Rennick, E., & Veitch, A. (2015). The Fintech 2.0 paper: Rebooting financial services. Santander Innoventures Oliver Wyman Anthemis Group. https://www.oliverwyman.com/content/dam/oliver-wyman/global/en/2015/jun/The_Fintech_2_0_Paper_Final_PV.pdf
  • Bulsara, H. P., & Vaghela, P. S. (2020). Blockchain technology for e-commerce industry. International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology, 29(5), 3793–3798. http://sersc.org/journals/index.php/IJAST/article/view/12292
  • Casino, F., Dasaklis, T. K., & Patsakis, C. (2019). A systematic literature review of blockchain-based applications: Current status, classification and open issues. Telematics and Informatics, 36(2019), 55–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2018.11.006
  • Catalini, C., & Gans, J. S. (2020). Some simple economics of the blockchain. Communications of the ACM, 63(7), 80–90. https://doi.org/10.1145/3359552
  • Chang, Y.-W., Lin, K.-P., & Shen, C.-Y. (2019). Blockchain technology for e-marketplace. 2019 IEEE International Conference on pervasive computing and communications workshops, PerCom workshops 2019, 429–430. https://doi.org/10.1109/PERCOMW.2019.8730733
  • Chen, Y. (2018). Blockchain tokens and the potential democratization of entrepreneurship and innovation. Business Horizons, 61(4), 567–575. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2018.03.006
  • Ciaian, P., Rajcaniova, M., & Kancs, d’Artis. (2018). Virtual relationships: Short- and long-run evidence from BitCoin and altcoin markets. Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, 52, 173–195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intfin.2017.11.001
  • Cocco, L., Pinna, A., & Marchesi, M. (2017). Banking on blockchain: Costs savings thanks to the blockchain technology. Future Internet, 9(3), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.3390/fi9030025
  • Crosby, M., Pattanayak, P., Verma, S., & Kalyanaraman, V. (2016). BlockChain technology: Beyond Bitcoin. Applied Innovation Review, 2, 6–19. http://scet.berkeley.edu/wp-content/uploads/AIR-2016-Blockchain.pdf
  • Decker, C., & Wattenhofer, R. (2013). Information propagation in the Bitcoin network. 13th IEEE International Conference on Peer-to-Peer Computing, IEEE P2P 2013 - Proceedings. https://doi.org/10.1109/P2P.2013.6688704
  • Deepa, N., Pham, Q.-V., Nguyen, D. C., Bhattacharya, S., Prabadevi, B., Gadekallu, T. R., Maddikunta, P. K. R., Fang, F., & Pathirana, P. N. (2022). A survey on blockchain for big data: Approaches, opportunities, and future directions. Future Generation Computer Systems, 131, 209–226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.future.2022.01.017
  • Delgado-Mohatar, O., Felis-Rota, M., & Fernández-Herraiz, C. (2019). The Bitcoin mining breakdown: Is mining still profitable? Economics Letters, 184, 108492. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2019.05.044
  • Deloitte. (2016). Cross-border payments on Blockchain. https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/global/Documents/grid/cross-border-payments.pdf
  • Deng, S., Cheng, G., Zhao, H., Gao, H., & Yin, J. (2021). Incentive-driven computation offloading in blockchain-enabled e-commerce. ACM Transactions on Internet Technology, 21(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1145/3397160
  • Dennis, R., & Owen, G. (2016). Rep on the block: A next generation reputation system based on the blockchain. 2015 10th International Conference for Internet Technology and Secured Transactions, ICITST 2015, 131–138. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICITST.2015.7412073
  • Dunn, J. E. (2020, March 12). Data of millions of eBay and Amazon shoppers exposed. Naked Security. https://nakedsecurity.sophos.com/2020/03/12/data-of-millions-of-ebay-and-amazon-shoppers-exposed
  • Dwork, C., & Naor, M. (1992). Pricing via Processing or Combatting Junk Mail. In E. F. Brickell (Ed.), Advances in Cryptology — CRYPTO’ 92, Lecture Notes in Computer Science: Vol. 740 (pp. 139–147). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-48071-4_10
  • Frey, R. M., Wörner, D., & Ilic, A. (2016). Collaborative filtering on the blockchain: A secure recommender system for e-commerce. AMCIS 2016: Surfing the IT Innovation Wave - 22nd Americas Conference on Information Systems. https://aisel.aisnet.org/amcis2016/ISSec/Presentations/36
  • Ghanbary, H., Doosty, G., & Fathian, M. (2020). Combination SWOT-AHP analysis for using Blockchain in E-Commerce. Journal of Economics and Administrative Sciences, 3(1), 237-253. http://www.jeasweb.org/jeas/Vol_S3_No_1_Oct_2020/SJEAS20201237253.pdf
  • Gorkhali, A., Li, L., & Shrestha, A. (2020). Blockchain: A literature review. Journal of Management Analytics, 7(3), 321–343. https://doi.org/10.1080/23270012.2020.1801529
  • Göl, H., Kantarcı, Ö., Erdem, İ., Ot, İ., Döm, İ., & Çakır, İ., (2019). E-ticaretin gelişimi, sınırların aşılması ve yeni normlar. Deloitte Digital. https://www2.deloitte.com/tr/tr/pages/consumer-business/articles/e-ticaretin-gelisimi-sinirlarin-asilmasi-ve-yeni-normlar.html
  • Guadamuz, A., & Marsden, C. (2015). Blockchains and Bitcoin: Regulatory responses to cryptocurrencies. First Monday, 20(12). https://doi.org/10.5210/fm.v20i12.6198
  • Guo, Y., & Liang, C. (2016). Blockchain application and outlook in the banking industry. Financial Innovation, 2(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40854-016-0034-9
  • Haber, S., & Stornetta, W. S. (1997). Secure names for bit-strings. In Proceedings of the 4th ACM conference on computer and communications security, 28–35. https://doi.org/10.1145/266420.266430
  • Halaburda, H., Sarvary, M., & Haeringer, G. (2022). Beyond bitcoin economics of digital currencies and blockchain technologies (2nd ed.). Palgrave Macmillan UK. https://doi.org/10.2469/cfm.v26.n1.12
  • Hoy, M. B. (2017). An introduction to the blockchain and its implications for libraries and medicine. Medical Reference Services Quarterly, 36(3), 273–279. https://doi.org/10.1080/02763869.2017.1332261
  • Hughes, A., Park, A., Kietzmann, J., & Archer-Brown, C. (2019). Beyond Bitcoin: What blockchain and distributed ledger technologies mean for firms. Business Horizons, 62(3), 273–281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2019.01.002
  • IBM. (2017). Forward together - IBM Blockchain Study. IBM Institute for Business Value. https://www.ibm.com/downloads/cas/OX1JGX65
  • Ismanto, L., Ar, H. S., Fajar, A. N., Sfenrianto, & Bachtiar, S. (2019). Blockchain as e-commerce platform in Indonesia. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1179(1), 012114. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1179/1/012114
  • Jaag, C., & Bach, C. (2015). The effect of payment reversibility on e-commerce and postal quality. In D. L. K. Chuen (Ed.), Handbook of digital currency: Bitcoin, innovation, financial instruments, and big data (pp. 139–151). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-802117-0.09989-6
  • Johnson, J. (2020). Annual number of data breaches and exposed records in the United States from 2005 to 2020. Statista. https://www.statista.com/statistics/273550/data-breaches-recorded-in-the-united-states-by-number-of-breaches-and-records-exposed
  • Jun, G., & Jaafar, N. I. (2011). A study on consumers’ attitude towards online shopping in China. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 2(22), 122–132. http://ijbssnet.com/journals/Vol_2_No_22_December_2011/15.pdf
  • Kabi, O. R., & Franqueira, V. N. L. (2019). Blockchain-based distributed marketplace. In Abramowicz, W., Paschke, A. (Eds.), Business Information Systems Workshops. BIS 2018. Lecture Notes in Business Information Processing (pp. 197–210). Springer. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04849-5_17
  • Khan, M. A., Zubair, S. S., & Malik, M. (2019). An assessment of e-service quality, e-satisfaction and e-loyalty: Case of online shopping in Pakistan. South Asian Journal of Business Studies, 8(3), 283–302. https://doi.org/10.1108/SAJBS-01-2019-0016
  • Kim, S. I., & Kim, S. H. (2020). E-commerce payment model using blockchain. Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Humanized Computing, 13, 1673–1685. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12652-020-02519-5
  • Kumar, G., Saha, R., Buchanan, W. J., Geetha, G., Thomas, R., Rai, M. K., Kim, T.-H., & Alazab, M. (2020). Decentralized accessibility of e-commerce products through blockchain technology. Sustainable Cities and Society, 62, 102361. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2020.102361
  • Lafarre, A., & Van der Elst, C. (2018, March). Blockchain technology for corporate governance and shareholder activism (Law Working Paper No. 390/2018). European Corporate Governance Institute (ECGI). https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3135209
  • Lee, J. Y. (2019). A decentralized token economy: How blockchain and cryptocurrency can revolutionize business. Business Horizons, 62(6), 773–784. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2019.08.003
  • Lee, M. K. O., & Turban, E. (2001). A trust model for consumer internet shopping. International Journal of Electronic Commerce, 6(1), 75–91. https://doi.org/10.1080/10864415.2001.11044227
  • Lee, S. (2018, August 13). A decentralized reputation system: How blockchain can restore trust in online markets. Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/shermanlee/2018/08/13/a-decentralized-reputation-system-how-blockchain-can-restore-trust-in-online-markets/?sh=128cb1f481ab
  • Lehmacher, W., & Mcwaters, J. (2017, February 01). How blockchain can restore trust in trade. World Economic Forum. https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2017/02/blockchain-trade-trust-transparency
  • Leiner, M. B., Cerf, G. V., Clark, D. D., Kahn, E. K., Kleinrock, L., Lynch, C. D., Postel, J., Roberts, G. L., & Wolff, S. (1997). A brief history of internet. Internet Society. https://www.internetsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/ISOC-History-of-the-Internet_1997.pdf
  • Li, M., Shao, S., Ye, Q., Xu, G., & Huang, G. Q. (2020). Blockchain-enabled logistics finance execution platform for capital-constrained E-commerce retail. Robotics and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing, 65(April), 101962. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rcim.2020.101962
  • Li, X., & Wang, C. A. (2017). The technology and economic determinants of cryptocurrency exchange rates: The case of Bitcoin. Decision Support Systems, 95, 49–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dss.2016.12.001
  • Liao, Q., & Shao, M. (2021). Discussion on payment application in cross-border e-commerce platform from the perspective of blockchain. E3S Web of Conferences, 235, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202123503020
  • Lim, Y. H., Hashim, H., Poo, N., Poo, D. C. C., & Nguyen, H. D. (2019). Blockchain technologies in e-commerce: Social shopping and loyalty program applications. In G. Meiselwitz (Ed.), Social computing and social Media: Comunication and social communities (pp. 403–416). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-21905-5_31
  • Liu, Z., & Li, Z. (2020). A blockchain-based framework of cross-border e-commerce supply chain. International Journal of Information Management, 52, 102059. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2019.102059
  • MarketsandMarkets. (2022). Big Data Market worth $273.4 billion by 2026 (Press Releases). https://www.marketsandmarkets.com/PressReleases/big-data.asp
  • Monetha. (2017). Monetha White Paper. Retrieved from https://www.allcryptowhitepapers.com/monetha-whitepaper
  • Nærland, K., Beck, R., Müller-Bloch, C., & Palmund, S. (2018). Blockchain to rule the waves - nascent design principles for reducing risk and uncertainty in decentralized environments. In ICIS 2017: Transforming Society with Digital Innovation (pp. 1–16). https://pure.itu.dk/ws/files/82337540/N_rland_et_al._2017.pdf
  • Nakamoto, S. (2008). Bitcoin: A peer-to-peer electronic cash system. https://www.ussc.gov/sites/default/files/pdf/training/annual-national-training-seminar/2018/Emerging_Tech_Bitcoin_Crypto.pdf
  • O’Dwyer, K. J., & Malone, D. (2014). Bitcoin Mining and its Energy Footprint. In 25th IET Irish Signals & Systems Conference 2014 and 2014 China-Ireland International Conference on Information and Communities Technologies (ISSC 2014/CIICT 2014), (CP639), 280–285. Institution of Engineering and Technology. https://doi.org/10.1049/cp.2014.0699
  • OECD. (2019). Unpacking e-commerce: Business models, trends and policies. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1787/23561431-en
  • Ølnes, S., Ubacht, J., & Janssen, M. (2017). Blockchain in government: Benefits and implications of distributed ledger technology for information sharing. Government Information Quarterly, 34(3), 355–364. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2017.09.007
  • Pinna, A., Tonelli, R., Orrú, M., & Marchesi, M. (2018). A petri nets model for blockchain analysis. The Computer Journal, 61(9), 1374–1388. https://doi.org/10.1093/comjnl/bxy001
  • Polasik, M., Piotrowska, A. I., Wisniewski, T. P., Kotkowski, R., & Lightfoot, G. (2015). Price Fluctuations and the Use of Bitcoin: An Empirical Inquiry. International Journal of Electronic Commerce, 20(1), 9–49. https://doi.org/10.1080/10864415.2016.1061413
  • Ramachandiran, R. (2018, May). Using blockchain technology to improve trust in ecommerce reviews. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/325302001
  • ReportLinker. (2022, November). Global blockchain market in supply chain industry market 2022-2026. https://www.reportlinker.com/p05603982/Global-Blockchain-Market-in-Supply-Chain-Industry.html?utm_source=GNW
  • Research and Markets. (2022, October). Supply chain management market research report by component, organization size, deployment, industry, region - global forecast to 2027 - cumulative impact of COVID-19. https://www.researchandmarkets.com/reports/5337793/supply-chain-management-market-research-report-by
  • Ryan, P. (2017). Smart contract relations in e-commerce: Legal implications of exchanges conducted on the blockchain. Technology Innovation Management Review, 7(10), 14–21. https://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1110
  • Saberi, S., Kouhizadeh, M., Sarkis, J., & Shen, L. (2019). Blockchain technology and its relationships to sustainable supply chain management. International Journal of Production Research, 57(7), 2117–2135. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207543.2018.1533261
  • Schaub, A., Bazin, R., Hasan, O., & Brunie, L. (2016). A trustless privacy-preserving reputation system. In J.-H. Hoepman & S. Katzenbeisser (Eds.), ICT systems security and privacy protection (pp. 398–411). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-33630-5_27
  • Scheer, W. van der. (2018, October 29). Establishing trust in reputation systems: Challenges for blockchain-based reviews (. https://godatadriven.com/blog/establishing-trust-in-reputation-systems-challenges-for-blockchain-based-reviews
  • Shome, A. (2019, March 19). Digitec galaxus introduces crypto payment option. Finance Magnates. https://www.financemagnates.com/cryptocurrency/news/digitec-galaxus-introduces-crypto-payment-option
  • Shorman, S., Allaymoun, M., & Hamid, O. (2019). Developing the e-commerce model a consumer to consumer using blockchain network technique. International Journal of Managing Information Technology, 11(2), 55–64. https://doi.org/10.5121/ijmit.2019.11204
  • Smith, A., & Anderson, M. (2016, December 19). Online shopping and e-commerce. Pew Research Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2016/12/19/online-reviews
  • Sovbetov, Y. (2018). Factors influencing cryptocurrency prices: Evidence from Bitcoin, Ethereum, Dash, Litcoin, and Monero. Journal of Economics and Financial Analysis, 2(2), 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1991/jefa.v2i2.a16
  • Statista. (2021). Digital market outlook: Retail ecommerce sales CAGR in selected markets 2021-2025. https://www.statista.com/forecasts/220177/b2c-e-commerce-sales-cagr-forecast-for-selected-countries
  • Statista. (2022). Retail e-commerce sales worldwide from 2014 to 2024. https://www.statista.com/statistics/379046/worldwide-retail-e-commerce-sales
  • Su, X., Liu, Y., & Choi, C. (2020). A blockchain-based p2p transaction method and sensitive data encoding for e-commerce transactions. IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine, 9(4), 56–66. https://doi.org/10.1109/MCE.2020.2969198
  • Subramanian, H. (2018). Decentralized blockchain-based electronic marketplaces. Communications of the ACM, 61(1), 78–84. https://doi.org/10.1145/3158333
  • Treiblmaier, H., & Sillaber, C. (2021). The impact of blockchain on e-commerce: A framework for salient research topics. Electronic Commerce Research and Applications, 48, 101054. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.elerap.2021.101054
  • University of Cambridge. (2020). Cambridge Bitcoin Electricity Consumption Index. https://ccaf.io/cbeci/index/comparison
  • Vigna, P., & Casey, M. J. (2017). Kriptopara çağı: Bitcoin ve dijital paranın küresel ekonomik sisteme meydan okuması [The age of cryptocurrency: How bitcoin and digital money are challenging the global economic order] (A. Atav, Çev.; 2. bs.). Buzdağı Yayınevi (Original work published 2015).
  • Voshmgir, S. (2020). Token Economy: How the Web3 reinvents the internet (2nd Ed.). Token Kitchen.
  • Vranken, H. (2017). Sustainability of bitcoin and blockchains. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 28, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2017.04.011
  • Wang, C.-C., & Chen, C.-C. (2010). Electronic commerce research in latest decade: A literature review. International Journal of Electronic Commerce Studies, 1(1), 1–14.
  • Wood, G. (2022, January 04). What is Web 3? Here’s how future Polkadot founder Gavin Wood explained it in 2014. https://www.coindesk.com/layer2/2022/01/04/what-is-web-3-heres-how-future-polkadot-founder-gavin-wood-explained-it-in-2014
  • Xu, J., & Gao, X. (2021). E-Business in the 21st Century: Essential topics and studies (2nd ed.). World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd.
  • Xuan, T. M., Alrashdan, M. T., Al-Maatouk, Q., & Alrashdan, M. T. (2020). Blockchain technology in e-commerce platform. International Journal of Management, 11(10), 1688–1697. https://doi.org/10.34218/IJM.11.10.2020.154
  • Yang, C. N., Chen, Y. C., Chen, S. Y., & Wu, S. Y. (2019). A reliable e-commerce business model using blockchain based product grading system. 2019 4th IEEE International Conference on Big Data Analytics, ICBDA 2019, 341–344. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICBDA.2019.8713204
  • Yang, C. S. (2019). Maritime shipping digitalization: Blockchain-based technology applications, future improvements, and intention to use. Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, 131, 108–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tre.2019.09.020
  • Yoo, S. (2017). Blockchain based financial case analysis and its implications. Asia Pacific Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, 11(3), 312–321. https://doi.org/10.1108/apjie-12-2017-036
  • Zhou, Z., Wang, M., Yang, C.-N., Fu, Z., Sun, X., & Wu, Q. M. J. (2021). Blockchain-based decentralized reputation system in E-commerce environment. Future Generation Computer Systems, 124, 155-167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.future.2021.05.035
  • Zhu, X., & Wang, D. (2019). Research on blockchain application for e-commerce, finance and energy. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 252(4), 042126. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/252/4/042126
There are 94 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Ebru Aydoğan 0000-0003-4377-712X

Muhammed Fatih Aydemir 0000-0002-4248-9057

Publication Date December 30, 2022
Submission Date August 25, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 15 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Aydoğan, E., & Aydemir, M. F. (2022). Blockchain-Based E-Commerce: An Evaluation. International Journal of Social Inquiry, 15(2), 649-666. https://doi.org/10.37093/ijsi.1166643

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

26134 26133     Content on this site is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------