Abstract
Bu çalışmada Türkiye işgücü piyasasında ücretli, maaşlı ve yevmiyeli bir şekilde istihdam edilen tüm çalışanlar ile kadın ve erkek çalışanların kazançları üzerinde yaş, dönem ve kohort etkilerinin ayrıştırılması amaçlanmaktadır. Ayrıştırma analizini gerçekleştirmek için Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu (TÜİK) tarafından derlenen 2004-2018 dönemi Hanehalkı İşgücü Araştırmaları’ndan elde edilen mikro veriler kullanılmıştır. Ayrıştırma analizleri yaş, dönem ve kohort (APC) modeli doğrultusunda Deaton (1997) ve Beaudry ve Lemieux (1999)’da önerilen yaklaşımları takiben gerçekleştirilmiştir. Her iki yaklaşıma göre elde edilen bulgular, tüm çalışanlar için yaş ile birlikte kazançların çalışma çağının başında hızlı bir şekilde arttığını, çalışma çağının ortalarında bu artış hızının düştüğünü ve çalışma çağının sonlarında kazançların azaldığını göstermiştir. Daha genç kohortlara (kuşak) kıyasla daha yaşlı kohortların kazançlarının daha düşük olduğu ortaya çıkmıştır. Kazançlar üzerinde dönem (yıl) etkisinin ise sınırlı düzeyde olduğu görülmüştür. Buna ilaveten yaş ve kohortun kazançlar üzerindeki etkisinin cinsiyete göre farklılaştığı ortaya çıkmıştır. Yaşın kazançlar üzerindeki artırıcı etkisinin, erkeklere göre kadın çalışanlarda çok daha erken bir yaşta sonlandığı görülmüştür. Kazançlar üzerinde olumsuz kohort etkisinin ise kadın çalışanlara kıyasla erkekler çalışanlarda daha yüksek düzeyde olduğu saptanmıştır.
Keywords
References
- Aktug, E., Kuzubas, T., Torul, O. (2018). On Labor Income Profiles in Turkey. Working Paper, Bogazici University.
- Beaudry, P., Lemieux, T. (1999). Evolution of the female labor force participation rate in canada, 1976–994: a cohort analysis. Canadian Business Economics, 7(2):57–70.
- Becker, G. S. (1964). Human capital: A theoretical and empirical analysis, with special reference to education. (First Edition). University of Chicago Press. Chicago.
- Ben-Porath, Y. (1967). The production of human capital and the life cycle of earnings. Journal of Political Economy, 75(4, Part 1):352-365.
- Campbell, C., Pearlman, J. (2013). Period effects, cohort effects, and the narrowing gender wage gap. Social Science Research, 42(6):1693-1711.
- Charni, K., Bazen, S. (2017). Do earnings really decline for older workers?. International Journal of Manpower, 38(1): 4-24.
- Charni, K. (2019). Can cohort effects explain the decline of earnings for older workers? Evidence from France and Great Britain. Labour, 33(3):306-350.
- Cilasun, S. M. (2009). “Income and, consumption and saving behavior of Turkish households”, Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Middle East Technical University, Ankara.
- Çakmak, F., Çelik, M. Y. (2017). Türkiye’de istihdamın kuşaklara göre analizi. Sayıştay Dergisi, 104:65-86.
- Deaton, A. (1997). The Analysis of Household Surveys: A Microeconometric Approach to Development Policy. (First Edition). The World Bank, Washington, DC.
- Ghez, G. R., Becker, G. S. (1975). The Allocation Time and Goods over the Life Cycle. (First Edition). Columbia Univ. Press, New York.
- Heckman, J. J. (1976). A life-cycle model of earnings, learning, and consumption. Journal of political economy, 84(4, Part 2):9-44.
- Lazear, E. P. (1979). Why is there mandatory retirement?. Journal of political economy, 87(6): 1261-1284.
- Myck, M. (2010). Wages and Ageing: Is There Evidence for the ‘Inverse‐U’Profile?. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 72(3):282-306.
- Salehi-Isfahani, D., Marku, M. (2011). Reversal of fortunes: The rise and fall of lifetime earnings of Iranian Men. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 59(4): 877-906.
- Skirbekk, V. (2004). Age and individual productivity: A literature survey. Vienna yearbook of population research, 2:133-153.
- Skoufias, E., Suryahadi, A. (2002). A cohort analysis of wages in Indonesia. Applied Economics, 34(13):1703-1710.
- Tunalı, İ., Kırdar, M. G., Dayıoğlu, M. (2017). Female labor force participation in turkey: a synthetic cohort analysis, 1988–2013. TUBITAK-Project No. 112K517.
- Verbeek, M., Nijman T. (1992). Can cohort data be treated as genuine panel data?. Empirical Economics, 17: 9-23.
Abstract
This study aims to decompose the effects of age, period and cohort on the earnings of all workers who are emloyed as wage, salaried and casual workers, as well as female and male workers in the Turkish labour market. To apply the decomposition analysis are used micro data from the period of 2004-2018 Household Labour Force Surveys compiled by the Turkish Statistical Institute (TURKSTAT). Decomposition analyses were performed based on the age, period and cohort (APC) model, using the methods suggested by Deaton (1997) and Beaudry and Lemieux (1999). The findings obtained according to both approaches show that for all workers, earnings increase rapidly with age at the beginning of the working age, this rate of increase for earnings decreases in the middle of the working age and earnings decrease at the end of the working age. Older cohorts have lower earnings compared to younger cohorts (generation). The period (year) effect on earnings is so limited. In addition, we find that the effect of age and cohort on earnings differs by gender. The impact of age on earnings ends sooner for female workers than male workers. The negative cohort effect on earnings is higher for male workers than for their female counterparts.
Keywords
References
- Aktug, E., Kuzubas, T., Torul, O. (2018). On Labor Income Profiles in Turkey. Working Paper, Bogazici University.
- Beaudry, P., Lemieux, T. (1999). Evolution of the female labor force participation rate in canada, 1976–994: a cohort analysis. Canadian Business Economics, 7(2):57–70.
- Becker, G. S. (1964). Human capital: A theoretical and empirical analysis, with special reference to education. (First Edition). University of Chicago Press. Chicago.
- Ben-Porath, Y. (1967). The production of human capital and the life cycle of earnings. Journal of Political Economy, 75(4, Part 1):352-365.
- Campbell, C., Pearlman, J. (2013). Period effects, cohort effects, and the narrowing gender wage gap. Social Science Research, 42(6):1693-1711.
- Charni, K., Bazen, S. (2017). Do earnings really decline for older workers?. International Journal of Manpower, 38(1): 4-24.
- Charni, K. (2019). Can cohort effects explain the decline of earnings for older workers? Evidence from France and Great Britain. Labour, 33(3):306-350.
- Cilasun, S. M. (2009). “Income and, consumption and saving behavior of Turkish households”, Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Middle East Technical University, Ankara.
- Çakmak, F., Çelik, M. Y. (2017). Türkiye’de istihdamın kuşaklara göre analizi. Sayıştay Dergisi, 104:65-86.
- Deaton, A. (1997). The Analysis of Household Surveys: A Microeconometric Approach to Development Policy. (First Edition). The World Bank, Washington, DC.
- Ghez, G. R., Becker, G. S. (1975). The Allocation Time and Goods over the Life Cycle. (First Edition). Columbia Univ. Press, New York.
- Heckman, J. J. (1976). A life-cycle model of earnings, learning, and consumption. Journal of political economy, 84(4, Part 2):9-44.
- Lazear, E. P. (1979). Why is there mandatory retirement?. Journal of political economy, 87(6): 1261-1284.
- Myck, M. (2010). Wages and Ageing: Is There Evidence for the ‘Inverse‐U’Profile?. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 72(3):282-306.
- Salehi-Isfahani, D., Marku, M. (2011). Reversal of fortunes: The rise and fall of lifetime earnings of Iranian Men. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 59(4): 877-906.
- Skirbekk, V. (2004). Age and individual productivity: A literature survey. Vienna yearbook of population research, 2:133-153.
- Skoufias, E., Suryahadi, A. (2002). A cohort analysis of wages in Indonesia. Applied Economics, 34(13):1703-1710.
- Tunalı, İ., Kırdar, M. G., Dayıoğlu, M. (2017). Female labor force participation in turkey: a synthetic cohort analysis, 1988–2013. TUBITAK-Project No. 112K517.
- Verbeek, M., Nijman T. (1992). Can cohort data be treated as genuine panel data?. Empirical Economics, 17: 9-23.
Details
| Primary Language | Turkish |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Labor Economics, Microeconomics (Other) |
| Journal Section | Articles |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | January 15, 2024 |
| Submission Date | November 28, 2023 |
| Acceptance Date | January 5, 2024 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2024 Volume: 7 Issue: 1 |
International Journal of Economics, Politics, Humanities & Social Sciences – IJEPHSS is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY NC)