Research Article
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Year 2023, Volume: 13 Issue: 2, 76 - 92, 31.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.17678/beuscitech.1248490

Abstract

Project Number

FDT-2020-2348

References

  • A. Abd-Elmoniem, “Assessment of indoor Radon doses received by the students and staff in schools in some towns in Sudan,” International Journal of Science and Research, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 2319–7064, 2013.
  • H. G. Ishnayyin, Finding an empirical relationship for the measurements of radon emitted from building materials inside residential homes. Iraq, 2015.
  • H. Zeeb and F. Shannoun, WHO handbook on indoor radon: A public health perspective. World Health Organization. Geneva, Switzerland, 2009.
  • EPA assessment of risks from Radon in homes, office of radiation and indoor air. Washington, DC 20460, 2003.
  • “European Environment and Health Information System (ENHIS),” European Environment and Health Information System, 2009.
  • M. Belson, B. Kingsley, and A. Holmes, “Risk factors for acute leukaemia in children: A review,” Environmental Health Perspectives, vol. 115, pp. 138–145, 2007.
  • O. Raaschou-Nielsen et al., “Domestic radon and childhood cancer in Denmark,” Epidemiology, vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 536–543, 2008.
  • A. F. Olshan, “Commentary Are ‘further studies’ really needed? If so, which ones?,” Epidemiology, vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 545–546, 2008.
  • Y. Ulusan and O. Batman, “Alternatif turizm çeşitlerinin Konya turizmine etkisi üzerine bir araştırma,” Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, vol. 23, pp. 244–260, 2010.
  • Ş. Yazgan and E. Kadanalı, “Ağrı ilinin kırsal turizm potansiyelinin değerlendirilmesi,” Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey Üniversitesi Sosyal ve Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi, vol. 14, pp. 5–10, 2012.
  • M. Cetin, H. Sevik, and K. Isınkaralar, “Changes in the particulate matter and CO2 concentrations based on the time and weather conditions: The case of Kastamonu,” Oxidation Communications, vol. 40, pp. 477–485, 2017.
  • Ö. Arpacı, B. Zengin, and O. Batman, “Karaman’ın mağara turizmi potansiyeli ve turizm açısından kullanılabilirliği,” Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey Üniversitesi Sosyal ve Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi, vol. 14, no. 23, pp. 59–64, 2012.
  • A. Aydogdu and H. Sevik, Indoor air quality: The samples of Ilgarini and Mantar Caves. I. Eurasia International Tourism Congress: Current Issues, Trends, and Indicators. Konya, Turkey, 2015.
  • M. Cetin and H. Sevik, “Evaluating the recreation potential of Ilgaz Mountain National Park in Turkey,” Environ. Monit. Assess., vol. 188, no. 1, p. 52, 2016.
  • M. Cetin and H. Sevik, “Assessing potential areas of ecotourism through a case study in ilgaz mountain National Park,” in Tourism - From Empirical Research Towards Practical Application, InTech, 2016.
  • B. Haner, A. Yilmaz, M. E. Kürkçüoğlu, and A. Karadem, “Mencilis (Bulak) mağarasında Radon seviyesi ölçümleri. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi,” Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 218–224, 2010.
  • P. Koc, N. Ekinci, E. Cinan, and E. Kavaz, “Determination of radon concentration by using CR-39 plastic track detectors in dwellings of bingöl and mus provinces of turkey,” Asian J. Chem., vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 226–230, 2018.
  • H. Kayakökü and M. Dogru, “Radon concentration measurements in surface water samples from Van Lake, Turkey using CR-39 detectors,” Bitlis Eren Univ. J. Sci. Technol., vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 35–42, 2020.
  • K. S. Çam and Y. Parlak, “Indoor radon concentrations and annual effective dose rates for spring and summer seasons by using CR-39 nuclear track detectors in dwellings in Manisa,” Turkey. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, vol. 15, 2022.
  • R. M. Cassou and E. V. Benton, “Properties and applications of CR-39 polymeric nuclear track detector,” Nucl. Track Detect., vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 173–179, 1978.
  • U. Cevik, A. Kara, N. Celik, M. Karabidak, and A. Celik, “Radon survey and exposure assessment in Karaca and Çal caves, turkey,” Water Air Soil Pollut., vol. 214, no. 1–4, pp. 461–469, 2011.
  • H. Aytekin, R. Baldik, N. Celebi, B. Ataksor, M. Tasdelen, and G. Kopuz, “Radon measurements in the caves of Zonguldak, Turkey,” Radiation Protection Dosimetry, vol. 118, no. 1, pp. 117–121, 2006.
  • R. Baldik, H. Aytekin, N. Celebi, B. Ataksor, and M. Taşdelen, “Radon concentration measurements in the Amasra coal mine, Turkey,” Radiat. Prot. Dosimetry, vol. 118, no. 1, pp. 122–125, 2006.
  • B. Haner, A. Yılmaz, M. E. Kürkçüoğlu, and A. Karadem, “Radon level measurements in Mencilis (Bulak) Cave. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi,” Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 218–224, 2010.
  • Mengi, H., 2005. Türkiye’nin Doğal Mağaraları. T.C. Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı Yayınları, 320 s.
  • “UNSCEAR United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation, 2000,” Sources and Effects of Ionizing Radiation, vol. 1, 2000.
  • A. A. Mowlavi, M. R. Fornasier, A. Binesh, and M. de Denaro, “Indoor radon measurement and effective dose assessment of 150 apartments in Mashhad, Iran,” Environ. Monit. Assess., vol. 184, no. 2, pp. 1085–1088, 2012.
  • A. A. Battawy, Internal and external radiation exposure evaluation amongst selected workers and locations in Iraq. Malaysia, 2013.
  • “Protection against Radon-222 at home and at work: A report of a task group of the international commission on radiological protection,” Ann ICRP, vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 1–45, 1994.
  • K. H. Mahdi, A. M. Erer, U. Kanbur, S. Ağduk, S. Oguz, and N. Çakmak, “Measurement of outdoor Radon Concentrations in Soil Samples collected from Karabuk University in Turkey by using CR-39 Detector,” J. Phys. Conf. Ser., vol. 1879, no. 3, p. 032115, 2021.
  • “Geochemistry Research Laboratory, Analysis Sheet,” Analysis Sheet, 2018.
  • Lindsay, W.L., 1979. Chemical equilibria of soils, John Wiley and Sons, pp.449. W. L. Lindsay, Chemical Equilibria in Soils, New York, USA: John Wiley and Sons, 1979, pp.449.
  • Y. N. Vodyanitskii, “Chromium and arsenic in contaminated soils (Review of publications),” Eurasian Soil Sci., vol. 42, no. 5, pp. 507–515, 2009.
  • S. Brouder, B. Hofmann, E. Kladivko, R. Turco, and A. Bongen, Interpreting nitrate concentration in tile drainage water. 2003.
  • International Commission on Radiological Protection Statement on Radon (ICRP), 2009. Ref. 00/902/09. International Commission on Radiological Protection Statement on Radon (ICRP), Ref. 00/902/09, 2009. [Online]. Available: https://www.icrp.org/docs/ICRP_Statement_on_Radon(November_2009).pdf
  • M. Tirmarche et al., “ICRP Publication 115. Lung cancer risk from radon and progeny and statement on radon,” Ann. ICRP, vol. 40, no. 1, pp. 1–64, 2010. M. Tirmarche et al., “Lung cancer risk from radon and progeny and statement on radon,” ICRP Publication 115 Ann. ICRP, vol. 40, no. 1, pp. 1–64, 2010.
  • “Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD),” Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, 1979.
  • M. Cetin, H. Sevik, and A. Saat, “Indoor air quality: The samples of Safranbolu Bulak Mencilis cave,” Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, pp. 5965–5970, 2017.

Radon Concentration and its Indices in Bulak (Mencilis) Cave

Year 2023, Volume: 13 Issue: 2, 76 - 92, 31.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.17678/beuscitech.1248490

Abstract

The Bulak cave is in the village of Bulak near Safranbolu city. It’s one of the longest caves in Türkiye, which goes 6 kilometers into the inside, but approximately 400 meters are accessible to visitors. You require a professional guide and special equipment to travel further into the cave with lakes, a waterfall, and rivers which are essential for cavers, tourists, and researchers. However, there are possible several health problems for cave visitors. This study mainly aims to measure the radon concentrations with the nuclear track CR-39 detector in the cave environment. Twenty-two detectors were distributed inside the tourist’s area, and another six detectors were in the cave’s deeper region. The exposure time was one month on 24 September 2020, in addition to two soil samples collected from the cave used for medical purposes. These detectors are collected after 30 days and then etched with a chemical solution. The radon concentrations were calculated, which ranged between 16.437 (Bq/m3) and 48.652 (Bq/m3) using an optical microscope from the track density in detectors. The minimum and maximum values of radiation indices AED (mSv/y), LCR (WLM), PAEC (mWL), Dsoft (nGy/h), Dlung (nGy/h) and Heff (nSv/h) are presented, and all results for the radon and radiation indices are within the global limit. Radon concentrations for two soil samples were 26.956 (Bq/m3) and 59.172 (Bq/m3), and all the results were within the acceptable limits recommended by ICRP and UNSCEAR. The XRF examination was performed, which indicated the presence of Fe, Cu, Zn, As, and Mn minerals with high concentrations of 101607, 552, 1337, 237, and 1601 ppm, respectively, which are all more than the world permissible limits. The XRD analyses for the soil sample indicated the presence of clay and non-clay minerals such as Feldspar, Quartz, Gypsum, Calcite, Palygorskite, Kaolinite, and Montmorillonite.

Supporting Institution

Karabük Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Proje Koordinatörlüğü

Project Number

FDT-2020-2348

Thanks

Necla Çakmak would like to acknowledge the support of the Scientific Research Project Unit, Karabük University.

References

  • A. Abd-Elmoniem, “Assessment of indoor Radon doses received by the students and staff in schools in some towns in Sudan,” International Journal of Science and Research, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 2319–7064, 2013.
  • H. G. Ishnayyin, Finding an empirical relationship for the measurements of radon emitted from building materials inside residential homes. Iraq, 2015.
  • H. Zeeb and F. Shannoun, WHO handbook on indoor radon: A public health perspective. World Health Organization. Geneva, Switzerland, 2009.
  • EPA assessment of risks from Radon in homes, office of radiation and indoor air. Washington, DC 20460, 2003.
  • “European Environment and Health Information System (ENHIS),” European Environment and Health Information System, 2009.
  • M. Belson, B. Kingsley, and A. Holmes, “Risk factors for acute leukaemia in children: A review,” Environmental Health Perspectives, vol. 115, pp. 138–145, 2007.
  • O. Raaschou-Nielsen et al., “Domestic radon and childhood cancer in Denmark,” Epidemiology, vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 536–543, 2008.
  • A. F. Olshan, “Commentary Are ‘further studies’ really needed? If so, which ones?,” Epidemiology, vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 545–546, 2008.
  • Y. Ulusan and O. Batman, “Alternatif turizm çeşitlerinin Konya turizmine etkisi üzerine bir araştırma,” Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, vol. 23, pp. 244–260, 2010.
  • Ş. Yazgan and E. Kadanalı, “Ağrı ilinin kırsal turizm potansiyelinin değerlendirilmesi,” Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey Üniversitesi Sosyal ve Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi, vol. 14, pp. 5–10, 2012.
  • M. Cetin, H. Sevik, and K. Isınkaralar, “Changes in the particulate matter and CO2 concentrations based on the time and weather conditions: The case of Kastamonu,” Oxidation Communications, vol. 40, pp. 477–485, 2017.
  • Ö. Arpacı, B. Zengin, and O. Batman, “Karaman’ın mağara turizmi potansiyeli ve turizm açısından kullanılabilirliği,” Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey Üniversitesi Sosyal ve Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi, vol. 14, no. 23, pp. 59–64, 2012.
  • A. Aydogdu and H. Sevik, Indoor air quality: The samples of Ilgarini and Mantar Caves. I. Eurasia International Tourism Congress: Current Issues, Trends, and Indicators. Konya, Turkey, 2015.
  • M. Cetin and H. Sevik, “Evaluating the recreation potential of Ilgaz Mountain National Park in Turkey,” Environ. Monit. Assess., vol. 188, no. 1, p. 52, 2016.
  • M. Cetin and H. Sevik, “Assessing potential areas of ecotourism through a case study in ilgaz mountain National Park,” in Tourism - From Empirical Research Towards Practical Application, InTech, 2016.
  • B. Haner, A. Yilmaz, M. E. Kürkçüoğlu, and A. Karadem, “Mencilis (Bulak) mağarasında Radon seviyesi ölçümleri. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi,” Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 218–224, 2010.
  • P. Koc, N. Ekinci, E. Cinan, and E. Kavaz, “Determination of radon concentration by using CR-39 plastic track detectors in dwellings of bingöl and mus provinces of turkey,” Asian J. Chem., vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 226–230, 2018.
  • H. Kayakökü and M. Dogru, “Radon concentration measurements in surface water samples from Van Lake, Turkey using CR-39 detectors,” Bitlis Eren Univ. J. Sci. Technol., vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 35–42, 2020.
  • K. S. Çam and Y. Parlak, “Indoor radon concentrations and annual effective dose rates for spring and summer seasons by using CR-39 nuclear track detectors in dwellings in Manisa,” Turkey. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, vol. 15, 2022.
  • R. M. Cassou and E. V. Benton, “Properties and applications of CR-39 polymeric nuclear track detector,” Nucl. Track Detect., vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 173–179, 1978.
  • U. Cevik, A. Kara, N. Celik, M. Karabidak, and A. Celik, “Radon survey and exposure assessment in Karaca and Çal caves, turkey,” Water Air Soil Pollut., vol. 214, no. 1–4, pp. 461–469, 2011.
  • H. Aytekin, R. Baldik, N. Celebi, B. Ataksor, M. Tasdelen, and G. Kopuz, “Radon measurements in the caves of Zonguldak, Turkey,” Radiation Protection Dosimetry, vol. 118, no. 1, pp. 117–121, 2006.
  • R. Baldik, H. Aytekin, N. Celebi, B. Ataksor, and M. Taşdelen, “Radon concentration measurements in the Amasra coal mine, Turkey,” Radiat. Prot. Dosimetry, vol. 118, no. 1, pp. 122–125, 2006.
  • B. Haner, A. Yılmaz, M. E. Kürkçüoğlu, and A. Karadem, “Radon level measurements in Mencilis (Bulak) Cave. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi,” Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 218–224, 2010.
  • Mengi, H., 2005. Türkiye’nin Doğal Mağaraları. T.C. Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı Yayınları, 320 s.
  • “UNSCEAR United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation, 2000,” Sources and Effects of Ionizing Radiation, vol. 1, 2000.
  • A. A. Mowlavi, M. R. Fornasier, A. Binesh, and M. de Denaro, “Indoor radon measurement and effective dose assessment of 150 apartments in Mashhad, Iran,” Environ. Monit. Assess., vol. 184, no. 2, pp. 1085–1088, 2012.
  • A. A. Battawy, Internal and external radiation exposure evaluation amongst selected workers and locations in Iraq. Malaysia, 2013.
  • “Protection against Radon-222 at home and at work: A report of a task group of the international commission on radiological protection,” Ann ICRP, vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 1–45, 1994.
  • K. H. Mahdi, A. M. Erer, U. Kanbur, S. Ağduk, S. Oguz, and N. Çakmak, “Measurement of outdoor Radon Concentrations in Soil Samples collected from Karabuk University in Turkey by using CR-39 Detector,” J. Phys. Conf. Ser., vol. 1879, no. 3, p. 032115, 2021.
  • “Geochemistry Research Laboratory, Analysis Sheet,” Analysis Sheet, 2018.
  • Lindsay, W.L., 1979. Chemical equilibria of soils, John Wiley and Sons, pp.449. W. L. Lindsay, Chemical Equilibria in Soils, New York, USA: John Wiley and Sons, 1979, pp.449.
  • Y. N. Vodyanitskii, “Chromium and arsenic in contaminated soils (Review of publications),” Eurasian Soil Sci., vol. 42, no. 5, pp. 507–515, 2009.
  • S. Brouder, B. Hofmann, E. Kladivko, R. Turco, and A. Bongen, Interpreting nitrate concentration in tile drainage water. 2003.
  • International Commission on Radiological Protection Statement on Radon (ICRP), 2009. Ref. 00/902/09. International Commission on Radiological Protection Statement on Radon (ICRP), Ref. 00/902/09, 2009. [Online]. Available: https://www.icrp.org/docs/ICRP_Statement_on_Radon(November_2009).pdf
  • M. Tirmarche et al., “ICRP Publication 115. Lung cancer risk from radon and progeny and statement on radon,” Ann. ICRP, vol. 40, no. 1, pp. 1–64, 2010. M. Tirmarche et al., “Lung cancer risk from radon and progeny and statement on radon,” ICRP Publication 115 Ann. ICRP, vol. 40, no. 1, pp. 1–64, 2010.
  • “Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD),” Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, 1979.
  • M. Cetin, H. Sevik, and A. Saat, “Indoor air quality: The samples of Safranbolu Bulak Mencilis cave,” Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, pp. 5965–5970, 2017.
There are 38 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Evolutionary Ecology
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Necla Çakmak 0000-0001-5989-6663

Ulvi Kanbur 0000-0002-9290-8045

Khalid Hadi Mahdi Aal-shabeeb 0000-0002-1995-6892

Ahmet Mustafa Erer 0000-0003-4358-4010

Project Number FDT-2020-2348
Publication Date December 31, 2023
Submission Date February 8, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 13 Issue: 2

Cite

IEEE N. Çakmak, U. Kanbur, K. H. M. Aal-shabeeb, and A. M. Erer, “Radon Concentration and its Indices in Bulak (Mencilis) Cave”, Bitlis Eren University Journal of Science and Technology, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 76–92, 2023, doi: 10.17678/beuscitech.1248490.