Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

The effect of elevation and exposure on stability index and quantity of snags in pure Oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky.) managed forests

Year 2022, Volume: 8 Issue: 1, 43 - 50, 13.06.2022
https://doi.org/10.53516/ajfr.1101788

Abstract

Snags are a major structural and functional component in oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky.) because of their high degree of naturalness in northern Anatolia forests. This research, as a case study, was conducted in the even-aged and pure oriental beech managed forest in Bartın. In this research where the effect of exposure and elevation, zone factors on stability index, the number and volume of snags (standing coarse deadwood: CDWsnags) were examined. It was found that exposure did not affect the stability index, number and volume of CDWsnags. However, there is a significant difference among the elevation zone on the number of CDWsnags, their volume and stability index (P≤0,000). It was found that there is an average volume of 8.87 m3/ha of CDWsnags. The diameter of the snags is distributed between 32 and 72 cm. In addition, a strong positive correlation was determined between the number of CDWsnags and the stability index (r= 0,95), height and breast diameter of CDWsnags (r = 0,98). These results may be an important tool to be used to improve management interventions in the management of high value forests.

References

  • Akhavan, R., Sagheb-Talebi, K., Zenner, E.K., Safavimanesh, F., 2012. Spatial patterns in different forest development stages of an intact old-growth oriental beech forest in the Caspian region of Iran. European Journal of Forest Research, 131, 1355–1366.
  • Albrecht, L., 1991. Die Bedeutung des toten Holzes im Wald. Forstwissenschaftliches Centralblatt, 110, 106-113. Ammer, U., 1991. Konsequenzen aus den Ergebnissen der Totholzforschung für die forstliche Praxis. Forstwissenschaftliches Centralblatt 110, 149-157.
  • Anonymous, 2021. Kumluca Orman İşletme Şefliği Detay Silvikültür Planı, Bartın.
  • Atici, E., 1998. Increment and growth in uneven-aged forest stands of Oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) Forests. PhD thesis, Istanbul University, Istanbul.
  • Atici, E., Colak, A.H., Rotherham, I.D., 2008. Coarse dead wood volume of managed Oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) Stands in Turkey. Investigación Agraria: Sistemas y Recursos Forestales, 17(3), 216-227.
  • Butler, R., Schlaepfer, R., 2004. Dead wood in managed forests: how much is enough? Schweizerische Zeitschrift für Forstwesen, 155(2), 31-37.
  • Christensen, M., Hahn, K., Mountford, E.P., Ódor, P., Standovár, T., Rozenbergar, D., Diaci, J., Wijdeven, S., Meyer, P., Winter, S., Vrska, T., 2005. Dead wood in European beech (Fagus sylvatica) forest reserves. Forest Ecology and Management, 210(1-3), 267-282.
  • Colak, A.H., 2002. Dead wood and its role in nature conservation and forestry: a Turkish perspective. The Journal of Practical Ecology and Conservation, 5(1), 37-49.
  • Colak, A.H., Rotherham, I.D., 2006. A review of the Forest Vegetation of Turkey: its status past and present and its future conservation. Royal Irish Academy, Journal of Biology and the Environment, 106B(3), 343-355.
  • Colak, A.H, Tokcan, M., Rotherham, I.D., Atici, E., 2009. The amount of coarse dead wood and associated decay rates in forest reserves and managed forests, northwest Turkey. Investigación Agraria: Sistemas y Recursos Forestales, 18(3), 350-359.
  • Debeljak, M., 2006. Coarse woody debris in virgin and managed forest, Ecological Indicators, 6, 733-742.
  • Ertekin, M., Kirdar, E., Ayan, S., 2015. Effects of tree ages, exposures and elevations on some seed characteristics of Oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky.). SEEFOR - South-east European Forestry, 6(1) 15-23.
  • Ertugrul, M., Varol, T., Kaygin, A.T., Ozel, H.B., 2017. The relationship between climate change and forest disturbance in Turkey. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 26, 4064-4074.
  • Etemad, V., Javanmiri, Pour, M., Foolady, Z., 2019. The importance of coarse woody debris in dynamic phases exposure in the beech (Fagus orientalis L.) stands of Hyrcanian forests. J. For. Sci., 65, 408–422.
  • Hahn, K., Christensen, M., 2005. Dead wood in European forest reserves - A reference for forest management. In: Marchetti M. (Ed.): Monitoring and Indicators of Forest Biodiversity in Europe - From Ideas to Operationality. European Forest Institute Proceedings, Florence, 51, 181- 191.
  • Harmon, M.E., Franklin, J.F., Swanson, F.J., Sollins, P., Gregory, S.V., Lattin, J.D., Anderson, N.H., Cline, S.P., Aumen, N.G., Sedell, J.R., Lienkaemper. G.W., Cromack, K.J.R., Cummins, K.W., 1986. Ecology of coarse woody debris in temperate ecosystem. In: Advances in Ecological Research. Academic Press, New York, 15: 133-302.
  • Jakoby, O., Rademacher, C.H., Grimm, V., 2010. Modelling dead wood islands in European beech forests: how much and how reliably would they provide dead wood? Europaean Journal of Forest Research, 129, 659–668.
  • Jedicke, E., 1995. Anregungen zu einer Neuauflage des Altholzinsel- Programms in Hessen. Allgemeine Forstzeitung, 10, 522-524.
  • Jonsson B.G., Kruys N., Ranius T., 2005. Ecology of species living on dead wood - Lessons for dead wood management. Silva Fennica, 39(2), 289-309.
  • Kazempour Larsary, M., Taheri Abkenar, K., Pourbabaei, H., Pothier, D., Amanzadeh, B., 2018. Spatial patterns of trees from different development stages in mixed temperate forest in the Hyrcanian region of Iran. J. For. Sci., 64, 260–270.
  • Kirby, K.J., Reid, C.M., Thomas, R.C., Goldsmith, F.B., 1998. Preliminary estimates of fallen dead wood and standing dead trees in managed and unmanaged forests in Britain. Journal of Applied Ecology, 35, 148–155.
  • Larrieu, L., Cabanettes, A., Delarue, A., 2012. Impact of silviculture on dead wood and on the distribution and frequency of tree microhabitats in montane beech-fir forests of the Pyrenees. European Journal of Forest Research, 131, 773–786.
  • Lipan, Y., Wenyao, L., Wenzhang, M., 2008. Woody debris stocks in different secondary and primary forests in the subtropical Ailao Mountains, southwest China. Ecol Res., 23, 805-812.
  • Lombardi, F., Lasserre, B., Tognetti, R., Marchetti, M., 2008. Deadwood in Relation to Stand Management and Forest Type in Central Apennines (Molise, Italy). Ecosystems, 11, 882–894.
  • Marage, D., Lemperiere, G., 2005. The management of snags: A comparison in managed and unmanaged ancient forests of the Southern French Alps. Annals of Forest Science, 62(2), 135-142.
  • Mark, C.V., Malcolm, J.R., Smith, S.M., 2006. An integrated model for snag and downed woody debris decay class transitions. Forest Ecology and Management, 234(1- 3), 48-59.
  • MCPFE (Ministerial Conference on the Protection of Forests in Europe), 2003. Vienna declaration and Vienna resolutions. Adopted at the fourth ministerial conference on the protection of forests in Europe, 28–30 April 2003, Vienna, Austria.
  • Möller, G., 1994. Alt- und Totholzlebensräume. Ökologie, Gefährdungssituation, Schutzmaßnahmen. Beiträge Forstwirtschaft und Landschaftsökologie, 28(1), 7-15.
  • Oheimb, G., Westphal, C.H., Härdtle, W., 2007. Diversity and spatio-temporal dynamics of dead wood in a temperate near-natural beech forest (Fagus sylvatica). European Journal of Forest Research, 126, 359–370.
  • Parhizkar, P., Hassani, M., Sadeghzadeh Hallaj M.H., 2018. Gap characteristics under oriental beech forest development stages in Kelardasht forests, northern Iran. J. For. Sci., 64, 59–65.
  • Saniga, M., Schütz, J.P., 2001. Dynamics of changes in dead wood share in selected beech virgin forests in Slovakia within their development cycle. J. For. Sci., 47, 557–565.
  • Scherzinger, W., 1996. Naturschutz im Wald. Qualitätsziele einer dynamischen Waldentwicklung. Praktischer Naturschutz. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart.
  • Schmitt, M., 1992. Buchen-Totholz als Lebensraum für Xylobionte Käfer-Untersuchungen im Naturwaldreservat “Waldhaus” und zwei Vergleichsflächen im Wirtschaftswald (Forstamt Ebrach, Steigerwald). Waldhygiene, 19, 97-191.
  • Sefidi, K., Marvie Mohadjer, M.R., 2010. Characteristics of coarse woody debris in successional stages of natural beech (Fagus orientalis) forests of Northern Iran. J. For. Sci., 56, (1), 7–17.
  • Tavankar, F., Picchio, R., Lo Monaco, A., Bonyad, A.E., 2014. Forest management and snag characteristics in Northern Iran lowland forests, J. For. Sci., 60(10), 431–441.
  • Topacoğlu, O., Kara, F., Yer, E.N., Savci, M., 2017. Determination of deadwood volume and the affecting factors in Trojan Fir Forests. Austrian Journal of Forest Science, Heft 3, 245-260.
  • Utschick, H., 1991. Beziehungen zwischen Totholzreichtum und Vogelwelt in Wirtschaftswäldern. Forstwissenschaftliches. Centralblatt, 110(2), 135-148.
  • Vallauri, D., Andre, J., Blondel, J., 2003. Dead wood - a typical shortcoming of managed forests. Revue Forestiere Francaise, 55(2), 99-112.
  • Van der Valk, A.G., 2009. Forest Ecology (Recent Advances in Plant Ecology), Springer Science+Business Media B.V., 361s.
  • Varol, T., Gormus, S., Cengiz, S., Ozel, H.B., Cetin, M., 2019. Determining potential planting areas in urban regions. Environmental monitoring and assessment, 191(3), 1-14.
  • Von Oheimb, G., Westphal, C., Tempel, H., Härdtle, W., 2005. Structural pattern of a near-natural beech (Fagus sylvatica) forest (Serrahn, northeast Germany). Forest Ecology and Management, 212(1-3), 23-263.
  • Wisdom, M.J., Bate, L.J., 2008. Snag density varies with intensity of timber harvest and human access. Forest Ecology and Management, 255, 2085–2093.
  • Zenner, E.K., Sagheb-Talebi, K., Akhavan, R., Peck, J.L.E., 2015. Integration of small-scale canopy dynamics smoothes live-tree structural complexity across development stages in old-growth Oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) forests at the multi-gap scale. Forest Ecology and Management, 335, 26–36.

Saf Doğu Kayını (Fagus orientalis Lipsky.) işletme ormanlarında yükselti ve bakının dikili ölü ağaç sayısı ve stabilite indeksine etkisi

Year 2022, Volume: 8 Issue: 1, 43 - 50, 13.06.2022
https://doi.org/10.53516/ajfr.1101788

Abstract

Ölü ağaçlar, yüksek doğallık dereceleri nedeniyle kuzey Anadolu doğu kayını doğu ormanlarının önemli bir yapısal ve fonksiyonel bileşendir. Örnek olay olark bu araştırma, Bartın’da aynı yaşlı ve saf doğu kayını işletme ormanında yürütülmüştür. Bu araştırmada, bakı ve yükselti faktörlerinin birey stabilite indeksi, dikili ölü ağaç (CDWsnags) sayısı ve hacmi üzerine etkisi incelenmiştir. Dikili ölü ağaç (CDWsnags) hacmi, sayısı ve stabilitesi üzerine bakı faktörünün etkisi tespit edilmemiştir. Ancak, yükselti zonları arasında dikili ölü ağaç (CDWsnags) sayısı, hacmi ve stabilitesi üzerinde önemli farklılık bulunmuştur (P≤0,000). Hektardaki dikili ölü ağaç hacmi ortalaması 8.87 m3 olarak bulunmuştur. Dikili ölü ağaçların çapları 32 ile 72 cm arasında dağılım göstermiştir. Ayrıca, dikili ölü ağaçların (CDWsnags) sayısı ile stabilite indeksi (r= 0,95) ve boy ile göğüs çapı (r = 0,98) arasında güçlü pozitif korelasyon belirlenmiştir. Bu sonuçlar, yüksek değerli ormanların yönetiminde yönetim müdahalelerini iyileştirmek için kullanılacak önemli bir araç olabilir.

References

  • Akhavan, R., Sagheb-Talebi, K., Zenner, E.K., Safavimanesh, F., 2012. Spatial patterns in different forest development stages of an intact old-growth oriental beech forest in the Caspian region of Iran. European Journal of Forest Research, 131, 1355–1366.
  • Albrecht, L., 1991. Die Bedeutung des toten Holzes im Wald. Forstwissenschaftliches Centralblatt, 110, 106-113. Ammer, U., 1991. Konsequenzen aus den Ergebnissen der Totholzforschung für die forstliche Praxis. Forstwissenschaftliches Centralblatt 110, 149-157.
  • Anonymous, 2021. Kumluca Orman İşletme Şefliği Detay Silvikültür Planı, Bartın.
  • Atici, E., 1998. Increment and growth in uneven-aged forest stands of Oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) Forests. PhD thesis, Istanbul University, Istanbul.
  • Atici, E., Colak, A.H., Rotherham, I.D., 2008. Coarse dead wood volume of managed Oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) Stands in Turkey. Investigación Agraria: Sistemas y Recursos Forestales, 17(3), 216-227.
  • Butler, R., Schlaepfer, R., 2004. Dead wood in managed forests: how much is enough? Schweizerische Zeitschrift für Forstwesen, 155(2), 31-37.
  • Christensen, M., Hahn, K., Mountford, E.P., Ódor, P., Standovár, T., Rozenbergar, D., Diaci, J., Wijdeven, S., Meyer, P., Winter, S., Vrska, T., 2005. Dead wood in European beech (Fagus sylvatica) forest reserves. Forest Ecology and Management, 210(1-3), 267-282.
  • Colak, A.H., 2002. Dead wood and its role in nature conservation and forestry: a Turkish perspective. The Journal of Practical Ecology and Conservation, 5(1), 37-49.
  • Colak, A.H., Rotherham, I.D., 2006. A review of the Forest Vegetation of Turkey: its status past and present and its future conservation. Royal Irish Academy, Journal of Biology and the Environment, 106B(3), 343-355.
  • Colak, A.H, Tokcan, M., Rotherham, I.D., Atici, E., 2009. The amount of coarse dead wood and associated decay rates in forest reserves and managed forests, northwest Turkey. Investigación Agraria: Sistemas y Recursos Forestales, 18(3), 350-359.
  • Debeljak, M., 2006. Coarse woody debris in virgin and managed forest, Ecological Indicators, 6, 733-742.
  • Ertekin, M., Kirdar, E., Ayan, S., 2015. Effects of tree ages, exposures and elevations on some seed characteristics of Oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky.). SEEFOR - South-east European Forestry, 6(1) 15-23.
  • Ertugrul, M., Varol, T., Kaygin, A.T., Ozel, H.B., 2017. The relationship between climate change and forest disturbance in Turkey. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 26, 4064-4074.
  • Etemad, V., Javanmiri, Pour, M., Foolady, Z., 2019. The importance of coarse woody debris in dynamic phases exposure in the beech (Fagus orientalis L.) stands of Hyrcanian forests. J. For. Sci., 65, 408–422.
  • Hahn, K., Christensen, M., 2005. Dead wood in European forest reserves - A reference for forest management. In: Marchetti M. (Ed.): Monitoring and Indicators of Forest Biodiversity in Europe - From Ideas to Operationality. European Forest Institute Proceedings, Florence, 51, 181- 191.
  • Harmon, M.E., Franklin, J.F., Swanson, F.J., Sollins, P., Gregory, S.V., Lattin, J.D., Anderson, N.H., Cline, S.P., Aumen, N.G., Sedell, J.R., Lienkaemper. G.W., Cromack, K.J.R., Cummins, K.W., 1986. Ecology of coarse woody debris in temperate ecosystem. In: Advances in Ecological Research. Academic Press, New York, 15: 133-302.
  • Jakoby, O., Rademacher, C.H., Grimm, V., 2010. Modelling dead wood islands in European beech forests: how much and how reliably would they provide dead wood? Europaean Journal of Forest Research, 129, 659–668.
  • Jedicke, E., 1995. Anregungen zu einer Neuauflage des Altholzinsel- Programms in Hessen. Allgemeine Forstzeitung, 10, 522-524.
  • Jonsson B.G., Kruys N., Ranius T., 2005. Ecology of species living on dead wood - Lessons for dead wood management. Silva Fennica, 39(2), 289-309.
  • Kazempour Larsary, M., Taheri Abkenar, K., Pourbabaei, H., Pothier, D., Amanzadeh, B., 2018. Spatial patterns of trees from different development stages in mixed temperate forest in the Hyrcanian region of Iran. J. For. Sci., 64, 260–270.
  • Kirby, K.J., Reid, C.M., Thomas, R.C., Goldsmith, F.B., 1998. Preliminary estimates of fallen dead wood and standing dead trees in managed and unmanaged forests in Britain. Journal of Applied Ecology, 35, 148–155.
  • Larrieu, L., Cabanettes, A., Delarue, A., 2012. Impact of silviculture on dead wood and on the distribution and frequency of tree microhabitats in montane beech-fir forests of the Pyrenees. European Journal of Forest Research, 131, 773–786.
  • Lipan, Y., Wenyao, L., Wenzhang, M., 2008. Woody debris stocks in different secondary and primary forests in the subtropical Ailao Mountains, southwest China. Ecol Res., 23, 805-812.
  • Lombardi, F., Lasserre, B., Tognetti, R., Marchetti, M., 2008. Deadwood in Relation to Stand Management and Forest Type in Central Apennines (Molise, Italy). Ecosystems, 11, 882–894.
  • Marage, D., Lemperiere, G., 2005. The management of snags: A comparison in managed and unmanaged ancient forests of the Southern French Alps. Annals of Forest Science, 62(2), 135-142.
  • Mark, C.V., Malcolm, J.R., Smith, S.M., 2006. An integrated model for snag and downed woody debris decay class transitions. Forest Ecology and Management, 234(1- 3), 48-59.
  • MCPFE (Ministerial Conference on the Protection of Forests in Europe), 2003. Vienna declaration and Vienna resolutions. Adopted at the fourth ministerial conference on the protection of forests in Europe, 28–30 April 2003, Vienna, Austria.
  • Möller, G., 1994. Alt- und Totholzlebensräume. Ökologie, Gefährdungssituation, Schutzmaßnahmen. Beiträge Forstwirtschaft und Landschaftsökologie, 28(1), 7-15.
  • Oheimb, G., Westphal, C.H., Härdtle, W., 2007. Diversity and spatio-temporal dynamics of dead wood in a temperate near-natural beech forest (Fagus sylvatica). European Journal of Forest Research, 126, 359–370.
  • Parhizkar, P., Hassani, M., Sadeghzadeh Hallaj M.H., 2018. Gap characteristics under oriental beech forest development stages in Kelardasht forests, northern Iran. J. For. Sci., 64, 59–65.
  • Saniga, M., Schütz, J.P., 2001. Dynamics of changes in dead wood share in selected beech virgin forests in Slovakia within their development cycle. J. For. Sci., 47, 557–565.
  • Scherzinger, W., 1996. Naturschutz im Wald. Qualitätsziele einer dynamischen Waldentwicklung. Praktischer Naturschutz. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart.
  • Schmitt, M., 1992. Buchen-Totholz als Lebensraum für Xylobionte Käfer-Untersuchungen im Naturwaldreservat “Waldhaus” und zwei Vergleichsflächen im Wirtschaftswald (Forstamt Ebrach, Steigerwald). Waldhygiene, 19, 97-191.
  • Sefidi, K., Marvie Mohadjer, M.R., 2010. Characteristics of coarse woody debris in successional stages of natural beech (Fagus orientalis) forests of Northern Iran. J. For. Sci., 56, (1), 7–17.
  • Tavankar, F., Picchio, R., Lo Monaco, A., Bonyad, A.E., 2014. Forest management and snag characteristics in Northern Iran lowland forests, J. For. Sci., 60(10), 431–441.
  • Topacoğlu, O., Kara, F., Yer, E.N., Savci, M., 2017. Determination of deadwood volume and the affecting factors in Trojan Fir Forests. Austrian Journal of Forest Science, Heft 3, 245-260.
  • Utschick, H., 1991. Beziehungen zwischen Totholzreichtum und Vogelwelt in Wirtschaftswäldern. Forstwissenschaftliches. Centralblatt, 110(2), 135-148.
  • Vallauri, D., Andre, J., Blondel, J., 2003. Dead wood - a typical shortcoming of managed forests. Revue Forestiere Francaise, 55(2), 99-112.
  • Van der Valk, A.G., 2009. Forest Ecology (Recent Advances in Plant Ecology), Springer Science+Business Media B.V., 361s.
  • Varol, T., Gormus, S., Cengiz, S., Ozel, H.B., Cetin, M., 2019. Determining potential planting areas in urban regions. Environmental monitoring and assessment, 191(3), 1-14.
  • Von Oheimb, G., Westphal, C., Tempel, H., Härdtle, W., 2005. Structural pattern of a near-natural beech (Fagus sylvatica) forest (Serrahn, northeast Germany). Forest Ecology and Management, 212(1-3), 23-263.
  • Wisdom, M.J., Bate, L.J., 2008. Snag density varies with intensity of timber harvest and human access. Forest Ecology and Management, 255, 2085–2093.
  • Zenner, E.K., Sagheb-Talebi, K., Akhavan, R., Peck, J.L.E., 2015. Integration of small-scale canopy dynamics smoothes live-tree structural complexity across development stages in old-growth Oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) forests at the multi-gap scale. Forest Ecology and Management, 335, 26–36.
There are 43 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Engineering
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Halil Barış Özel 0000-0001-9518-3281

Sezgin Ayan 0000-0001-8077-0512

Tugrul Varol 0000-0002-0499-2129

Early Pub Date June 13, 2022
Publication Date June 13, 2022
Submission Date April 11, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 8 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Özel, H. B., Ayan, S., & Varol, T. (2022). The effect of elevation and exposure on stability index and quantity of snags in pure Oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky.) managed forests. Anadolu Orman Araştırmaları Dergisi, 8(1), 43-50. https://doi.org/10.53516/ajfr.1101788
AMA Özel HB, Ayan S, Varol T. The effect of elevation and exposure on stability index and quantity of snags in pure Oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky.) managed forests. AJFR. June 2022;8(1):43-50. doi:10.53516/ajfr.1101788
Chicago Özel, Halil Barış, Sezgin Ayan, and Tugrul Varol. “The Effect of Elevation and Exposure on Stability Index and Quantity of Snags in Pure Oriental Beech (Fagus Orientalis Lipsky.) Managed Forests”. Anadolu Orman Araştırmaları Dergisi 8, no. 1 (June 2022): 43-50. https://doi.org/10.53516/ajfr.1101788.
EndNote Özel HB, Ayan S, Varol T (June 1, 2022) The effect of elevation and exposure on stability index and quantity of snags in pure Oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky.) managed forests. Anadolu Orman Araştırmaları Dergisi 8 1 43–50.
IEEE H. B. Özel, S. Ayan, and T. Varol, “The effect of elevation and exposure on stability index and quantity of snags in pure Oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky.) managed forests”, AJFR, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 43–50, 2022, doi: 10.53516/ajfr.1101788.
ISNAD Özel, Halil Barış et al. “The Effect of Elevation and Exposure on Stability Index and Quantity of Snags in Pure Oriental Beech (Fagus Orientalis Lipsky.) Managed Forests”. Anadolu Orman Araştırmaları Dergisi 8/1 (June 2022), 43-50. https://doi.org/10.53516/ajfr.1101788.
JAMA Özel HB, Ayan S, Varol T. The effect of elevation and exposure on stability index and quantity of snags in pure Oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky.) managed forests. AJFR. 2022;8:43–50.
MLA Özel, Halil Barış et al. “The Effect of Elevation and Exposure on Stability Index and Quantity of Snags in Pure Oriental Beech (Fagus Orientalis Lipsky.) Managed Forests”. Anadolu Orman Araştırmaları Dergisi, vol. 8, no. 1, 2022, pp. 43-50, doi:10.53516/ajfr.1101788.
Vancouver Özel HB, Ayan S, Varol T. The effect of elevation and exposure on stability index and quantity of snags in pure Oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky.) managed forests. AJFR. 2022;8(1):43-50.