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Medya Aracılığıyla Afetlere Maruz Kalmanın Oluşturduğu Dolaylı Travma Ölçeği’nin Türkçe Uyarlaması: Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması

Year 2024, Volume: 7 Issue: 1, 33 - 46, 29.03.2024

Çiçek Ediz Aytap Dinçer

https://doi.org/10.35341/afet.1421473

Abstract

Bu araştırmada, Medya Aracılığıyla Afetlere Maruz Kalmanın Oluşturduğu Dolaylı Travma Ölçeği’nin Türkçe’ye uyarlanıp geçerlik ve güvenirliğin incelenmesi amaçlandı. Çalışmanın verileri, Ağustos-Ekim 2023 tarihleri arasında toplandı. Araştırmanın evrenini, çeşitli medya aracılığıyla afetlere maruz kalan genel nüfustan 18-65 yaş arası yetişkinler oluşturdu. Faktör yapısının belirlenmesi amacıyla doğrulayıcı faktör analizi, güvenirlilik için ise Cronbach α katsayısı, iki yarı güvenirlik kat sayısı, madde toplam korelasyonu ve test tekrar test yöntemi kullanılarak gerçekleştirildi. Doğrulayıcı faktör analizi sonuçları sonucunda; ölçeğin 17 madde ve “Afetlere Verilen Psikolojik, Davranışsal ve Fiziki Tepkiler”, “Afetler Nedeni ile Manevi Kırgınlık” ve “Afetlerin Yaşamı Tehdit Ettiği Duygusu” olmak üzere 3 boyutlu bir yapıya sahip olduğu saptandı. Ölçeğin orijinal hali ile benzer olarak üç alt boyutlu yapı kabul edildi. Ölçeğin bütününe ait Cronbach α katsayısı 0.870; “Afetlere Verilen Psikolojik, Davranışsal ve Fiziki Tepkiler” alt boyutu için 0.814 ve “Afetler Nedeni ile Manevi Kırgınlık” alt boyutu için 0.743 ve “Afetlerin Yaşamı Tehdit Ettiği Duygusu” alt boyutu için 0.763 olarak saptandı. Bu araştırmanın sonuçlarına göre, 18-65 yaş arası yetişkinler için Medya Aracılığıyla Afetlere Maruz Kalmanın Oluşturduğu Dolaylı Travma Ölçeği’nin, afetlerin medya yoluyla oluşturduğu dolaylı travmanın değerlendirilmesinde güvenilir ve geçerli bir araç olduğu bulunmuştur.

Keywords

Afet Dolaylı Travma Medya Ölçek Uyarlama Travma Sonrası Stres Bozukluğu

Ethical Statement

Öncelikle ölçek sahipleri Choi ve arkadaşlarından dan mail yolu ile gerekli izinler alındı. Hakkari Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma ve Yayın Etik Kurulu’ndan 13.07.2023 tarihinde ve 57355 numaralı karar ile etik kurul onayı alındı.

Thanks

Bu çalışmaya katılan tüm katılımcılara duygu ve düşüncelerini paylaştıkları için teşekkür ederiz.

References

  • Ahern, J., Galea, S., Resnick, H., & Vlahov, D. (2004). Television images and probable posttraumatic stress disorder after September 11: The role of background characteristics, event exposures, and perievent panic. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 192(3), 217-226.
  • Ahern, J., Galea, S., Resnick, H., Kilpatrick, D., Bucuvalas, M., Gold, J., & Vlahov, D. (2002). Television images and psychological symptoms after the September 11 terrorist attacks. Psychiatry: Interpersonal and Biological Processes, 65(4), 289–300. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1521/psyc.65.4.289.20240
  • Aksoy, Ş., & Mamatoğlu, N. (2019). Challenges of occupational safety specialists scale: A scale development study. Turkish Cypriot Journal of Psychiatry and Psychology, 1(2), 76-84.
  • Aksu, G., Eser, M. T., & Güzeller, C. O. (2017). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation model applications: Detay Publishing.
  • APA. (2000). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Psychiatric Disorders (4thed ed.). Washington DC: APA: American Psychiatric Association
  • Bennur, K., Çağan, Ö., & Aysun, T. (2020). Validity and reliability study of the Turkish version of the Disaster Response Self-Efficacy Scale in undergraduate nursing students. Acıbadem University Journal of Health Sciences (3), 515-521.
  • Boldi, A., Rapp, A., & Tirassa, M. (2022). Playing during a crisis: The impact of commercial video games on the reconfiguration of people’s life during the COVID-19 pandemic. Human–Computer Interaction, 1-42. Doi: 10.1080/07370024.2022.2050725
  • Bulut, A. (2023). Relationship between Natural Disasters and Mental Health. Cyprus Turkish Psychiatry and Psychology Journal, 5(3), 265-273.
  • Choi, E. Y., Choi, S.-H., & Lee, H. (2021). Development and evaluation of a screening scale for indirect trauma caused by media exposure to social disasters. International journal of environmental research and public health, 18(2), 698.
  • Çalışkan, C., & Üner, S. (2023). Measurement of Disaster Literacy in Turkish Society: Disaster Literacy Scale (DLS) Design and Development Process. Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness, 17, e211.
  • DeVellis, R. F. (2016). Scale development: Theory and applications (Vol. 26): Sage publications.
  • Dick, A. S., Silva, K., Gonzalez, R., Sutherland, M. T., Laird, A. R., Thompson, W. K., Nixon, S. J. (2021). Neural vulnerability and hurricane-related media are associated with post-traumatic stress in youth. Nature human behaviour, 5(11), 1578-1589.
  • Dikmenli, Y., Yakar, H., & Konca, A. S. (2018). Development of disaster awareness scale: A validity and reliability study. Review of International Geographical Education Online, 8(2), 206-220. Ebru, I., Altintas, K. H., & Dogan, N. (2018). The development of a general disaster preparedness belief scale using the health belief model as a theoretical framework. International Journal of Assessment Tools in Education, 5(1), 146-158.
  • Fullerton, C. S., Ursano, R. J., & Wang, L. (2004). Acute stress disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, and depression in disaster or rescue workers. American Journal of Psychiatry, 161(8), 1370-1376.
  • Furr, J. M., Comer, J. S., Edmunds, J. M., & Kendall, P. C. (2010). Disasters and youth: a meta-analytic examination of posttraumatic stress. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology, 78(6), 765.
  • Garfin, D. R., Silver, R. C., & Holman, E. A. (2020). The Novel Coronavirus (COVID-2019) outbreak: Amplification of public health consequences by media exposure. Health Psychology, 39(5), 355–357. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/hea0000875
  • Güler, İ. U. (2018). Indirect Trauma Scale: Turkish Adaptation and Evaluation of Social Workers in Terms of Indirect Trauma. Health Sciences Institute. Holman, E. A., Garfin, D. R., & Silver, R. C. (2014). Media’s role in broadcasting acute stress following the Boston Marathon bombings. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111(1), 93-98.
  • Houston J. B. (2009). Media coverage of terrorism: A meta-analytic assessment of media use and posttraumatic stress. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 86, 844–861.
  • Huang, L., Starbird, K., Orand, M., Stanek, S., & Pedersen, H. (2015). Connected through crisis: emotional proximity and the spread of misinformation online. In Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work & Social Computing (CSCW ‘15). Vancouver, Canada. ACM. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1145/2675133.2675202
  • Karakoç, A. G. D. F. Y., & Dönmez, L. (2014). Basic Principles in Scale Development Studies. World of Medical Education, 13(40), 39-49.
  • Kuo, A., Lutz, R. J., & Hiler, J. L. (2016). Brave new World of Warcraft: A conceptual framework for active escapism. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 33(7), 498–506. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1108/JCM-04-2016-1775
  • Kukuoğlu, A. (2018). Traumas After Natural Disasters and A Model Psycho-education Program. Disaster and Risk Journal, 1(1), 39-52.
  • Liu, C., & Liu, Y. (2020). Media exposure and anxiety during COVID-19: The mediation effect of media vicarious traumatization. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(13), 4720. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17134720
  • Mızrak, S., & Aslan, R. (2020). Disaster risk perception of university students. Risk, Hazards & Crisis in Public Policy, 11(4), 411-433.
  • Orengo-Aguayo, R., Stewart, R. W., de Arellano, M. A., Suárez-Kindy, J. L., & Young, J. (2019). Disaster exposure and mental health among Puerto Rican youths after Hurricane Maria. JAMA network open, 2(4), e192619-e192619.
  • Seçer, İ. (2018). Psychological test development and adaptation process: SPSS and LISREL applications: Anı publishing.
  • Silver, R. C., Holman, E. A., Andersen, J. P., Poulin, M., McIntosh, D. N., & Gil-Rivas, V. (2013). Mental-and physical-health effects of acute exposure to media images of the September 11, 2001, attacks and the Iraq War. Psychological science, 24(9), 1623-1634.
  • Şentuna, B., & Çakı, F. (2020). A Scale Development Study in Balıkesir Sample: Disaster Preparedness Scale. İdealkent, 11(31), 1959-1983. Tavşancıl, E. (2010). Measurement of attitudes and data analysis with SPSS (Vol. 6). Ankara: Nobel Publishing.
  • Tercan, B., & Şahinöz, S. (2021). Scale Development to Determine the Disaster Preparedness Perceptions of Personnel Working in Pre-Hospital Emergency Health Services: A Methodological Study. Hastane Öncesi Dergisi, 6(3), 367-379.
  • Thompson, R. R., Jones, N. M., Holman, E. A., & Silver, R. C. (2019). Media exposure to mass violence events can fuel a cycle of distress. Science advances, 5(4), eaav3502.
  • Türkan, A. H., Kiliç, İ., & Tiryakioğlu, M. (2019). Development of a disaster attitude scale and assessment of university students' attitudes towards disasters. Ege Academic Review, 19(4), 457-467.
  • Türkdoğan Görgün, C., Koçak Şen, İ., & McLennan, J. (2023). The validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the psychological preparedness for disaster threat scale. Natural Hazards, 1-16.
  • Yorulmaz, D. S., & Karadeniz, H. (2021). Effects of Disasters on Mental Health. Nat. Disaster Env. Jour., 7(2), 392-398. doi:10.21324/dacd.786048.

Turkish Adaptation of the Scale for Indirect Trauma Caused by Media Exposure to Disasters: A Validity and Reliability Study

Year 2024, Volume: 7 Issue: 1, 33 - 46, 29.03.2024

Çiçek Ediz Aytap Dinçer

https://doi.org/10.35341/afet.1421473

Abstract

The study aimed to examine the validity and reliability of the Scale for Indirect Trauma used by Media Exposure to Social Disasters (SITMES) by adapting it into Turkish language. The study was conducted in Turkey between August and October 2023 with a population of adults who were between the ages of 18-65 from the general population exposed to disasters through various media coverage. The Confirmatory Factor Analysis was used to for the factor structure, and Cronbach's α Coefficient, Split-Half Reliability Coefficient, Item-Total Correlation, and Test-Retest Method were employed for reliability. In line with the Confirmatory Factor Analysis results it was found that the scale had 17 items in 3 dimensions (“Psychological, Behavioral and Physical Reactions to Disasters”, “Spiritual Resentment Because of Disasters” and “Feeling that Disasters Threaten Life”). Similar to the original scale, a 3-dimensional structure was adopted. It was found that the new Scale for Scale for Indirect Traumas caused by Media Exposure to Social Disasters (SITMES) is a valid and reliable tool that can be used to evaluate media-induced indirect traumas caused by disasters in adults.

Keywords

Disasters Indirect Trauma Media Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Scale Adaptation

References

  • Ahern, J., Galea, S., Resnick, H., & Vlahov, D. (2004). Television images and probable posttraumatic stress disorder after September 11: The role of background characteristics, event exposures, and perievent panic. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 192(3), 217-226.
  • Ahern, J., Galea, S., Resnick, H., Kilpatrick, D., Bucuvalas, M., Gold, J., & Vlahov, D. (2002). Television images and psychological symptoms after the September 11 terrorist attacks. Psychiatry: Interpersonal and Biological Processes, 65(4), 289–300. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1521/psyc.65.4.289.20240
  • Aksoy, Ş., & Mamatoğlu, N. (2019). Challenges of occupational safety specialists scale: A scale development study. Turkish Cypriot Journal of Psychiatry and Psychology, 1(2), 76-84.
  • Aksu, G., Eser, M. T., & Güzeller, C. O. (2017). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation model applications: Detay Publishing.
  • APA. (2000). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Psychiatric Disorders (4thed ed.). Washington DC: APA: American Psychiatric Association
  • Bennur, K., Çağan, Ö., & Aysun, T. (2020). Validity and reliability study of the Turkish version of the Disaster Response Self-Efficacy Scale in undergraduate nursing students. Acıbadem University Journal of Health Sciences (3), 515-521.
  • Boldi, A., Rapp, A., & Tirassa, M. (2022). Playing during a crisis: The impact of commercial video games on the reconfiguration of people’s life during the COVID-19 pandemic. Human–Computer Interaction, 1-42. Doi: 10.1080/07370024.2022.2050725
  • Bulut, A. (2023). Relationship between Natural Disasters and Mental Health. Cyprus Turkish Psychiatry and Psychology Journal, 5(3), 265-273.
  • Choi, E. Y., Choi, S.-H., & Lee, H. (2021). Development and evaluation of a screening scale for indirect trauma caused by media exposure to social disasters. International journal of environmental research and public health, 18(2), 698.
  • Çalışkan, C., & Üner, S. (2023). Measurement of Disaster Literacy in Turkish Society: Disaster Literacy Scale (DLS) Design and Development Process. Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness, 17, e211.
  • DeVellis, R. F. (2016). Scale development: Theory and applications (Vol. 26): Sage publications.
  • Dick, A. S., Silva, K., Gonzalez, R., Sutherland, M. T., Laird, A. R., Thompson, W. K., Nixon, S. J. (2021). Neural vulnerability and hurricane-related media are associated with post-traumatic stress in youth. Nature human behaviour, 5(11), 1578-1589.
  • Dikmenli, Y., Yakar, H., & Konca, A. S. (2018). Development of disaster awareness scale: A validity and reliability study. Review of International Geographical Education Online, 8(2), 206-220. Ebru, I., Altintas, K. H., & Dogan, N. (2018). The development of a general disaster preparedness belief scale using the health belief model as a theoretical framework. International Journal of Assessment Tools in Education, 5(1), 146-158.
  • Fullerton, C. S., Ursano, R. J., & Wang, L. (2004). Acute stress disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, and depression in disaster or rescue workers. American Journal of Psychiatry, 161(8), 1370-1376.
  • Furr, J. M., Comer, J. S., Edmunds, J. M., & Kendall, P. C. (2010). Disasters and youth: a meta-analytic examination of posttraumatic stress. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology, 78(6), 765.
  • Garfin, D. R., Silver, R. C., & Holman, E. A. (2020). The Novel Coronavirus (COVID-2019) outbreak: Amplification of public health consequences by media exposure. Health Psychology, 39(5), 355–357. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/hea0000875
  • Güler, İ. U. (2018). Indirect Trauma Scale: Turkish Adaptation and Evaluation of Social Workers in Terms of Indirect Trauma. Health Sciences Institute. Holman, E. A., Garfin, D. R., & Silver, R. C. (2014). Media’s role in broadcasting acute stress following the Boston Marathon bombings. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111(1), 93-98.
  • Houston J. B. (2009). Media coverage of terrorism: A meta-analytic assessment of media use and posttraumatic stress. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 86, 844–861.
  • Huang, L., Starbird, K., Orand, M., Stanek, S., & Pedersen, H. (2015). Connected through crisis: emotional proximity and the spread of misinformation online. In Proceedings of the 2015 Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work & Social Computing (CSCW ‘15). Vancouver, Canada. ACM. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1145/2675133.2675202
  • Karakoç, A. G. D. F. Y., & Dönmez, L. (2014). Basic Principles in Scale Development Studies. World of Medical Education, 13(40), 39-49.
  • Kuo, A., Lutz, R. J., & Hiler, J. L. (2016). Brave new World of Warcraft: A conceptual framework for active escapism. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 33(7), 498–506. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1108/JCM-04-2016-1775
  • Kukuoğlu, A. (2018). Traumas After Natural Disasters and A Model Psycho-education Program. Disaster and Risk Journal, 1(1), 39-52.
  • Liu, C., & Liu, Y. (2020). Media exposure and anxiety during COVID-19: The mediation effect of media vicarious traumatization. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(13), 4720. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17134720
  • Mızrak, S., & Aslan, R. (2020). Disaster risk perception of university students. Risk, Hazards & Crisis in Public Policy, 11(4), 411-433.
  • Orengo-Aguayo, R., Stewart, R. W., de Arellano, M. A., Suárez-Kindy, J. L., & Young, J. (2019). Disaster exposure and mental health among Puerto Rican youths after Hurricane Maria. JAMA network open, 2(4), e192619-e192619.
  • Seçer, İ. (2018). Psychological test development and adaptation process: SPSS and LISREL applications: Anı publishing.
  • Silver, R. C., Holman, E. A., Andersen, J. P., Poulin, M., McIntosh, D. N., & Gil-Rivas, V. (2013). Mental-and physical-health effects of acute exposure to media images of the September 11, 2001, attacks and the Iraq War. Psychological science, 24(9), 1623-1634.
  • Şentuna, B., & Çakı, F. (2020). A Scale Development Study in Balıkesir Sample: Disaster Preparedness Scale. İdealkent, 11(31), 1959-1983. Tavşancıl, E. (2010). Measurement of attitudes and data analysis with SPSS (Vol. 6). Ankara: Nobel Publishing.
  • Tercan, B., & Şahinöz, S. (2021). Scale Development to Determine the Disaster Preparedness Perceptions of Personnel Working in Pre-Hospital Emergency Health Services: A Methodological Study. Hastane Öncesi Dergisi, 6(3), 367-379.
  • Thompson, R. R., Jones, N. M., Holman, E. A., & Silver, R. C. (2019). Media exposure to mass violence events can fuel a cycle of distress. Science advances, 5(4), eaav3502.
  • Türkan, A. H., Kiliç, İ., & Tiryakioğlu, M. (2019). Development of a disaster attitude scale and assessment of university students' attitudes towards disasters. Ege Academic Review, 19(4), 457-467.
  • Türkdoğan Görgün, C., Koçak Şen, İ., & McLennan, J. (2023). The validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the psychological preparedness for disaster threat scale. Natural Hazards, 1-16.
  • Yorulmaz, D. S., & Karadeniz, H. (2021). Effects of Disasters on Mental Health. Nat. Disaster Env. Jour., 7(2), 392-398. doi:10.21324/dacd.786048.
There are 33 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Public Health (Other)
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Çiçek Ediz 0000-0002-9717-1839

Aytap Dinçer This is me 0000-0002-5727-3742

Publication Date March 29, 2024
Submission Date January 17, 2024
Acceptance Date March 23, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 7 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Ediz, Ç., & Dinçer, A. (2024). Medya Aracılığıyla Afetlere Maruz Kalmanın Oluşturduğu Dolaylı Travma Ölçeği’nin Türkçe Uyarlaması: Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması. Afet Ve Risk Dergisi, 7(1), 33-46. https://doi.org/10.35341/afet.1421473
AMA Ediz Ç, Dinçer A. Medya Aracılığıyla Afetlere Maruz Kalmanın Oluşturduğu Dolaylı Travma Ölçeği’nin Türkçe Uyarlaması: Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması. Afet ve Risk Dergisi. March 2024;7(1):33-46. doi:10.35341/afet.1421473
Chicago Ediz, Çiçek, and Aytap Dinçer. “Medya Aracılığıyla Afetlere Maruz Kalmanın Oluşturduğu Dolaylı Travma Ölçeği’nin Türkçe Uyarlaması: Geçerlik Ve Güvenirlik Çalışması”. Afet Ve Risk Dergisi 7, no. 1 (March 2024): 33-46. https://doi.org/10.35341/afet.1421473.
EndNote Ediz Ç, Dinçer A (March 1, 2024) Medya Aracılığıyla Afetlere Maruz Kalmanın Oluşturduğu Dolaylı Travma Ölçeği’nin Türkçe Uyarlaması: Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması. Afet ve Risk Dergisi 7 1 33–46.
IEEE Ç. Ediz and A. Dinçer, “Medya Aracılığıyla Afetlere Maruz Kalmanın Oluşturduğu Dolaylı Travma Ölçeği’nin Türkçe Uyarlaması: Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması”, Afet ve Risk Dergisi, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 33–46, 2024, doi: 10.35341/afet.1421473.
ISNAD Ediz, Çiçek - Dinçer, Aytap. “Medya Aracılığıyla Afetlere Maruz Kalmanın Oluşturduğu Dolaylı Travma Ölçeği’nin Türkçe Uyarlaması: Geçerlik Ve Güvenirlik Çalışması”. Afet ve Risk Dergisi 7/1 (March 2024), 33-46. https://doi.org/10.35341/afet.1421473.
JAMA Ediz Ç, Dinçer A. Medya Aracılığıyla Afetlere Maruz Kalmanın Oluşturduğu Dolaylı Travma Ölçeği’nin Türkçe Uyarlaması: Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması. Afet ve Risk Dergisi. 2024;7:33–46.
MLA Ediz, Çiçek and Aytap Dinçer. “Medya Aracılığıyla Afetlere Maruz Kalmanın Oluşturduğu Dolaylı Travma Ölçeği’nin Türkçe Uyarlaması: Geçerlik Ve Güvenirlik Çalışması”. Afet Ve Risk Dergisi, vol. 7, no. 1, 2024, pp. 33-46, doi:10.35341/afet.1421473.
Vancouver Ediz Ç, Dinçer A. Medya Aracılığıyla Afetlere Maruz Kalmanın Oluşturduğu Dolaylı Travma Ölçeği’nin Türkçe Uyarlaması: Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması. Afet ve Risk Dergisi. 2024;7(1):33-46.
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